ludwig

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ludwig van beethoven
van beethoven ludwig
ludwig wittgenstein
Wittgenstein Ludwig
ludwig's angina
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İngilizce - İngilizce
{i} male first name; family name
Beck Ludwig Beethoven Ludwig van Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard Erhard Ludwig Feuerbach Ludwig Andreas Fraenkel Conrat Heinz Ludwig Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Georg Ludwig Grimm Jacob Ludwig Carl and Wilhelm Carl Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Heyse Paul Johann Ludwig von Jahn Friedrich Ludwig Kirchner Ernst Ludwig Köchel Ludwig Alois Ferdinand von Mad King Ludwig Ludwig II Ludwig IV Ludwig I Ludwig Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Mendelssohn Bartholdy Jakob Ludwig Felix Mies van der Rohe Ludwig Maria Ludwig Michael Mies Mises Ludwig Edler von Moltke Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Mond Ludwig Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Prandtl Ludwig Preminger Otto Ludwig Andreas Ludwig Priwin Ludwig Spohr Tieck Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann Yorck von Wartenburg Johann David Ludwig Count Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg

İlgili Terimler

Ludwig Alois Ferdinand von Köchel
born Jan. 14, 1800, Stein, near Krems, Austria died June 3, 1877, Vienna Austrian scholar and musicologist. After gaining a law degree, he tutored children of wealthy families and traveled, researching books on a number of different topics, including botany, mineralogy, and music. He is best known for his 1862 thematic catalog of Mozart's works (which are still identified by their "K numbers"), a monument of music scholarship. He also edited Ludwig van Beethoven's letters
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach
born July 28, 1804, Landshut, Bavaria died Sept. 13, 1872, Rechenberg, Ger. German philosopher. The son of an eminent jurist, he studied under G.W.F. Hegel in Berlin but later abandoned Hegelian idealism for a naturalistic materialism. In Thoughts on Death and Immortality (1830), he attacked the concept of personal immortality. His Abelard and Heloise (1834) and Pierre Bayle (1838) were followed by On Philosophy and Christianity (1839), in which he claimed that "Christianity has in fact long vanished not only from the reason but from the life of mankind." In The Essence of Christianity (1841), he proposed that God is merely the outward projection of mankind's inward nature. Some of his views were later endorsed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Ludwig Beck
born June 29, 1880, Biebrich, Ger. died July 20, 1944, Berlin German general. After serving with the army general staff in World War I, he was later chief of the general staff (1935-38). He opposed Adolf Hitler's occupation of the Rhineland and resigned to protest the decision to conquer Czechoslovakia. He helped plan the unsuccessful July Plot to assassinate Hitler; when it failed, Beck committed suicide
Ludwig Boltzmann
born Feb. 20, 1844, Vienna, Austria died Sept. 5, 1906, Duino, Italy Austrian physicist. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Vienna and thereafter taught at several German and Austrian universities. He was one of the first European scientists to recognize the importance of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He explained the second law of thermodynamics by applying the laws of mechanics and the theory of probability to the motions of atoms, and he is remembered as the developer of statistical mechanics. His work was widely attacked and misunderstood; subject to depression after 1900, he eventually committed suicide. Shortly after his death, his conclusions were finally supported by discoveries in atomic physics and by recognition that phenomena such as Brownian motion could be explained only by statistical mechanics
Ludwig Edler von Mises
born Sept. 29, 1881, Lemberg, Austria-Hungary died Oct. 10, 1973, New York, N.Y., U.S. Austrian-U.S. economist whose theories followed those of the Austrian school of economics. He taught at the University of Vienna (1913-38) before immigrating to the U.S. and joining the New York University faculty (1945-69). In The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality (1956), an examination of U.S. socialism, he dealt with the opposition to the free market by intellectuals, who, in his view, bear an unwarranted resentment toward mass demand, which is the basis of prosperity in big business
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
born Feb. 20, 1844, Vienna, Austria died Sept. 5, 1906, Duino, Italy Austrian physicist. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Vienna and thereafter taught at several German and Austrian universities. He was one of the first European scientists to recognize the importance of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He explained the second law of thermodynamics by applying the laws of mechanics and the theory of probability to the motions of atoms, and he is remembered as the developer of statistical mechanics. His work was widely attacked and misunderstood; subject to depression after 1900, he eventually committed suicide. Shortly after his death, his conclusions were finally supported by discoveries in atomic physics and by recognition that phenomena such as Brownian motion could be explained only by statistical mechanics
Ludwig Erhard
born Feb. 4, 1897, Fürth, Ger. died May 5, 1977, Bonn, W.Ger. German economist and politician. As economics minister (1949-63), he was the chief architect of West Germany's postwar economic recovery. He achieved what has been called an economic miracle through his "social market system," which was based on free-market capitalism but included special provisions for housing, farming, and social programs. In 1957 he was appointed federal vice-chancellor, and in 1963 he succeeded Konrad Adenauer as chancellor. His government was troubled by an economic downturn and a budget deficit, as well as Erhard's relative weakness as a leader, and he was forced to resign in 1966
Ludwig Feuerbach
born July 28, 1804, Landshut, Bavaria died Sept. 13, 1872, Rechenberg, Ger. German philosopher. The son of an eminent jurist, he studied under G.W.F. Hegel in Berlin but later abandoned Hegelian idealism for a naturalistic materialism. In Thoughts on Death and Immortality (1830), he attacked the concept of personal immortality. His Abelard and Heloise (1834) and Pierre Bayle (1838) were followed by On Philosophy and Christianity (1839), in which he claimed that "Christianity has in fact long vanished not only from the reason but from the life of mankind." In The Essence of Christianity (1841), he proposed that God is merely the outward projection of mankind's inward nature. Some of his views were later endorsed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein
born April 26, 1889, Vienna died April 29, 1951, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. Austrian-born English philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest philosopher of the 20th century. He was born into an immensely wealthy and cultivated family. In 1908 he went to Manchester, Eng., to study aeronautics. He soon developed an obsessive interest in the philosophy of logic and mathematics, and in 1911 he went to Cambridge to study logic with Bertrand Russell. Within a year he had learned all Russell had to teach; he then went to Norway, where he worked on logic in isolation in a wooden hut he built by the side of a fjord. There he developed in embryo what became known as the "picture theory" of meaning, a central tenet of which is that a proposition can express a fact by virtue of sharing with it a common structure, or "logical form." When World War I broke out he joined the Austrian army, winning several decorations for bravery while serving on the Russian front. During the war he worked on a manuscript that was later published as Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922). Believing that he had solved all the major problems of philosophy, he abandoned the subject after the war and spent the next 10 years as a schoolteacher and doing other odd jobs in a remote Austrian village. Meanwhile, the Tractatus had attracted the attention of philosophers in Cambridge and Vienna, including those of the Vienna Circle of logical positivists (see logical positivism), some of whose meetings Wittgenstein was persuaded to join. He returned to Cambridge in 1929. During the early 1930s his ideas changed rapidly, and he gradually abandoned the doctrines of the Tractatus; indeed, he began to conceive of philosophy in radically different terms, as not the construction of theories designed to answer philosophical questions but as the activity of clearing up conceptual confusions arising from inattention to or misunderstandings of ordinary uses of language. What became known as the works of the "later Wittgenstein" including Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (1956), Philosophical Grammar (1974), Philosophical Remarks (1975), and especially Philosophical Investigations (1953) can be considered attempts to refine and definitively express this new approach. Though he worked with fierce energy and wrote prodigiously, he would allow none of his work from this period to be published in his lifetime. In 1939 he was appointed to the chair in philosophy at Cambridge previously held by G.E. Moore. Disliking professional philosophy, he resigned the post in 1947 to live in seclusion in Ireland and then with various friends. Diagnosed with terminal cancer in 1949, he continued working intensively until two days before his death. See also analytic philosophy
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
a US architect, born in Germany, who many people consider to be one of the most important architects of the 20th century. He designed many steel and glass skyscrapers such as the Seagram Building in New York City. He was a teacher in the Bauhaus in Germany, and his buildings are very plain, practical, and without decoration (1886-1969). orig. Maria Ludwig Michael Mies born March 27, 1886, Aachen, Ger. died Aug. 17, 1969, Chicago, Ill., U.S. German-born U.S. architect and designer. Mies learned masonry from his father and later worked in the office of Peter Behrens. His first great work was the German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain, a travertine platform with chromed steel columns and spaces defined by planes of extravagant onyx, marble, and frosted glass. The steel-and-leather Barcelona chair he designed for the space went on to become a 20th-century classic. He was director of the Bauhaus in 1930-33, first in Dessau and then, during its final months, in Berlin. After moving to the U.S. in 1937, he became director of the School of Architecture at Chicago's Armour Institute (now the Illinois Institute of Technology), where he designed the school's new campus (1939-41). The International Style, with Mies its undisputed leader, reached its zenith during the next 20 years. His other projects included Chicago's Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1949-51), and the Seagram Building (1956-58, with Philip Johnson) in New York City. These buildings, steel skeletons sheathed in glass curtain-wall facades, exemplify Mies's dictum that "less is more." His later works include Berlin's New National Gallery (1963-68). Modernist steel-and-glass office buildings influenced by his work were built all over the world over the course of the 20th century
Ludwig Mond
born March 7, 1839, Kassel, Hesse-Kassel died Dec. 11, 1909, London, Eng. German-British chemist and industrialist. After immigrating to England in 1862, he improved the Solvay process for making sodium carbonate (soda ash) and developed a process for extracting nickel from its ores. He was a founder of the important chemical firm Brunner, Mond and Co. and of the Mond Nickel Co
Ludwig Prandtl
born Feb. 4, 1875, Freising, Ger. died Aug. 15, 1953, Göttingen, W.Ger. German physicist, considered the father of aerodynamics. He taught at the University of Göttingen (1904-53). His 1904 discovery of the boundary layer at the surface of a body moving in air or water led to an understanding of skin friction drag and of the way streamlining (see streamline) reduces the drag of airplane wings and other moving bodies. His work on wing theory explained the process of airflow over airplane wings
Ludwig Tieck
born May 31, 1773, Berlin, Prussia died April 28, 1853, Berlin German writer and critic. He was educated at the universities of Halle, Göttingen, and Erlangen. His first works are associated with early Romanticism, the best appealing to the emotions rather than the intellect. Volksmärchen (1797) includes one of his best short novels, Blond Eckbert. This period culminated in the grotesque, lyrical plays Life and Death of St. Genevieve (1800) and Emperor Octavian (1804). Later his writing moved toward realism. While he was an adviser and critic at the Dresden theatre (1825-42), he became a great literary authority
Ludwig Wittgenstein
{i} (1889-1951) Austrian philosopher who studied and taught at Cambridge University, author of "Philosophical Investigations
Ludwig Wittgenstein
an Austrian philosopher, who studied and taught at Cambridge in the UK. His interests included the relationship between language and the physical world, and his best known works are Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical Investigations (1889-1951). born April 26, 1889, Vienna died April 29, 1951, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. Austrian-born English philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest philosopher of the 20th century. He was born into an immensely wealthy and cultivated family. In 1908 he went to Manchester, Eng., to study aeronautics. He soon developed an obsessive interest in the philosophy of logic and mathematics, and in 1911 he went to Cambridge to study logic with Bertrand Russell. Within a year he had learned all Russell had to teach; he then went to Norway, where he worked on logic in isolation in a wooden hut he built by the side of a fjord. There he developed in embryo what became known as the "picture theory" of meaning, a central tenet of which is that a proposition can express a fact by virtue of sharing with it a common structure, or "logical form." When World War I broke out he joined the Austrian army, winning several decorations for bravery while serving on the Russian front. During the war he worked on a manuscript that was later published as Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922). Believing that he had solved all the major problems of philosophy, he abandoned the subject after the war and spent the next 10 years as a schoolteacher and doing other odd jobs in a remote Austrian village. Meanwhile, the Tractatus had attracted the attention of philosophers in Cambridge and Vienna, including those of the Vienna Circle of logical positivists (see logical positivism), some of whose meetings Wittgenstein was persuaded to join. He returned to Cambridge in 1929. During the early 1930s his ideas changed rapidly, and he gradually abandoned the doctrines of the Tractatus; indeed, he began to conceive of philosophy in radically different terms, as not the construction of theories designed to answer philosophical questions but as the activity of clearing up conceptual confusions arising from inattention to or misunderstandings of ordinary uses of language. What became known as the works of the "later Wittgenstein" including Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (1956), Philosophical Grammar (1974), Philosophical Remarks (1975), and especially Philosophical Investigations (1953) can be considered attempts to refine and definitively express this new approach. Though he worked with fierce energy and wrote prodigiously, he would allow none of his work from this period to be published in his lifetime. In 1939 he was appointed to the chair in philosophy at Cambridge previously held by G.E. Moore. Disliking professional philosophy, he resigned the post in 1947 to live in seclusion in Ireland and then with various friends. Diagnosed with terminal cancer in 1949, he continued working intensively until two days before his death. See also analytic philosophy
Ludwig van Beethoven
{i} (1770-1827) famous German composer
Ludwig van Beethoven
a German composer, one of the best known and most admired ever. His many famous works include the Fifth Symphony and the Emperor Concerto (1770-1827). (baptized Dec. 17, 1770, Bonn, archbishopric of Cologne died March 26, 1827, Vienna, Austria) German composer. Born to a musical family, he was a precociously gifted pianist and violist. After nine years as a court musician in Bonn, he moved to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn and remained there for the rest of his life. He was soon well known as both a virtuoso and a composer, and he became the first important composer to earn a successful living while forsaking employment in the church or court. He uniquely straddled the Classical and Romantic eras. Rooted in the traditions of Haydn and Mozart, his art also encompassed the new spirit of humanism expressed in the works of German Romantic writers as well as in the ideals of the French Revolution, with its passionate concern for the freedom and dignity of the individual. His astonishing Third (Eroica) Symphony (1803) was the thunderclap that announced the Romantic century, and it embodies the titanic but rigorously controlled energy that was the hallmark of his style. He began to lose his hearing from 1795; by 1819 he was totally deaf. For his last 15 years he was unrivaled as the world's most famous composer. In musical form he was a considerable innovator, widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and string quartet. His greatest achievement was to raise instrumental music, hitherto considered inferior to vocal, to the highest plane of art. His works include the celebrated 9 symphonies; 16 string quartets; 32 piano sonatas; the opera Fidelio (1805, rev. 1814);2 masses, including the Missa Solemnis (1823); 5 piano concertos; a violin concerto (1806); 6 piano trios; 10 violin sonatas; 5 cello sonatas; and several concert overtures
Ludwig von Köchel
born Jan. 14, 1800, Stein, near Krems, Austria died June 3, 1877, Vienna Austrian scholar and musicologist. After gaining a law degree, he tutored children of wealthy families and traveled, researching books on a number of different topics, including botany, mineralogy, and music. He is best known for his 1862 thematic catalog of Mozart's works (which are still identified by their "K numbers"), a monument of music scholarship. He also edited Ludwig van Beethoven's letters
Ludwig von Mises
born Sept. 29, 1881, Lemberg, Austria-Hungary died Oct. 10, 1973, New York, N.Y., U.S. Austrian-U.S. economist whose theories followed those of the Austrian school of economics. He taught at the University of Vienna (1913-38) before immigrating to the U.S. and joining the New York University faculty (1945-69). In The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality (1956), an examination of U.S. socialism, he dealt with the opposition to the free market by intellectuals, who, in his view, bear an unwarranted resentment toward mass demand, which is the basis of prosperity in big business
Carl F W Ludwig
born Dec. 29, 1816, Witzenhausen, near Kassel, Hesse-Kassel died April 23, 1895, Leipzig, Ger. German physician. He invented devices to record arterial blood-pressure changes, measure blood flow, and separate gases from blood (which established their role in blood purification). He was the first to keep animal organs alive outside the body. His paper on urine secretion in 1844 hypothesized a filtering role for the kidney. Nearly 200 of Ludwig's students became prominent scientists, and he is regarded as the founder of the physicochemical school of physiology
Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig
born Dec. 29, 1816, Witzenhausen, near Kassel, Hesse-Kassel died April 23, 1895, Leipzig, Ger. German physician. He invented devices to record arterial blood-pressure changes, measure blood flow, and separate gases from blood (which established their role in blood purification). He was the first to keep animal organs alive outside the body. His paper on urine secretion in 1844 hypothesized a filtering role for the kidney. Nearly 200 of Ludwig's students became prominent scientists, and he is regarded as the founder of the physicochemical school of physiology
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
born May 6, 1880, Aschaffenberg, Bavaria died June 15, 1938, near Davos, Switz. German painter, printmaker, and sculptor. He was among the founders of the Expressionist group Die Brücke. Kirchner's highly personal style, influenced by Albrecht Dürer, Edvard Munch, and African and Polynesian art, was noted for its psychological tension and eroticism. He used simple, powerfully drawn forms and often garish colours to create intense, sometimes threatening works, such as his two versions of Street, Berlin (1907, 1913). Highly strung and often depressed, he took his own life when the Nazis declared his work "degenerate
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege
born Nov. 8, 1848, Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin died July 26, 1925, Bad Kleinen, Ger. German mathematician and logician, inventor of modern mathematical logic and one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy. He taught at the University of Jena from 1871 to 1917. His Begriffsschrift (1879, "Conceptscript"), was the first presentation of a system of mathematical logic in the modern sense. Using an original notation of quantifiers and variables, he was able to give formal expression to sentences containing multiple quantification, such as "Everybody loves someone"; this is impossible in the syllogistic derived from Aristotle, which had been considered complete until the time of Immanuel Kant (see predicate calculus). In the Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik he attempted to establish the doctrine later known as logicism. He also made significant contributions to the philosophy of language, including a highly influential theory of the distinction between sense and reference. Though Frege's work was admired by Bertrand Russell and the early Ludwig Wittgenstein, it was unknown to or ignored by most other philosophers and mathematicians during Frege's lifetime; its significance was not generally appreciated until the mid-20th century
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
born Aug. 11, 1778, Lanz, Brandenburg, Prussia died Oct. 15, 1852, Freyburg an der Unstrut, Prussian Saxony German educator who founded the Turnverein (gymnastic club) movement in Germany. As a teacher in Berlin from 1809, he began a program of outdoor exercise for students. He invented the parallel bars, rings, balance beam, horse, and horizontal bar, all of which have become standard equipment for gymnastics. In 1819 he came under suspicion for his fervent nationalism and strong influence on youth. He was arrested and imprisoned for almost a year; his gymnastic club closed, and a national ban was placed on gymnastics (lifted in 1842). He was awarded the Iron Cross for military bravery (1840) and served in the national parliament (1848-49)
Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest
{i} Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (1822-1875), Danish astronomer (born in Berlin) who discovered Neptune in 1846 with John Galle
Heinz Ludwig Fraenkel-Conrat
born July 29, 1910, Breslau, Ger. died April 10, 1999, Oakland, Calif., U.S. German-born U.S. biochemist. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh and moved to the U.S. in 1936, eventually joining the faculty at UC-Berkeley. Studying the tobacco mosaic virus, he broke it down into its noninfectious protein and nearly noninfectious nucleic acid components and, by recombining them, successfully reconstituted the fully infective virus, which led to the discovery that the nucleic acid portion is responsible for its infectivity and, in the absence of the viral protein, is broken down by RNA-splitting enzymes (nucleases)
Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke
born May 25, 1848, Gersdorff, Mecklenburg died June 18, 1916, Berlin, Ger. German soldier. A nephew of Helmuth von Moltke, he rose rapidly in the German army and served as adjutant to his uncle from 1882. He was appointed quartermaster general in 1903 and chief of the German general staff in 1906. At the outbreak of World War I, he applied the Schlieffen Plan, devised by his predecessor, but his inability to revise the plan to cope with tactical and command errors contributed to the halt of the German offensive in the Battle of the Marne (1914). He was relieved of his command shortly after and died a broken man two years later
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
born Aug. 31, 1821, Potsdam, Prussia died Sept. 8, 1894, Charlottenburg, Berlin, Ger. German scientist, one of the greatest of the 19th century. After training in medicine, he taught physiology and later physics at several German universities. His interests continually shifted to new disciplines, in which he applied his earlier insights to every problem he examined. He made fundamental contributions to physiology, optics, electrodynamics, mathematics, acoustics, and meteorology, but is best known for his statement (1847) of the law of conservation of energy. His approach was strongly empirical at a time when many scientists embraced deductions from mental concepts. He invented several measurement instruments, including the myograph, ophthalmoscope, and ophthalmometer. He described body heat and energy, nerve conduction, and the physiology of the eye. His mathematical analysis of vortices in fluids (1858) was a tour de force. His work in electrodynamics built on that of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell but was eventually superseded by that of Albert Einstein
Jacob Ludwig Carl and Wilhelm Carl Grimm
known as the Brothers Grimm born Jan. 4, 1785, Hanau, Hesse-Kassel died Sept. 20, 1863, Berlin born Feb. 24, 1786, Hanau died Dec. 16, 1859, Berlin German folklorists and philologists. They spent most of their lives in literary research as librarians and professors at the Universities of Göttingen and Berlin. They are most famous for Kinder-und Hausmärchen (1812-15), known in English as Grimm's Fairy Tales, a collection of 200 tales taken mostly from oral sources, which helped establish the science of folklore. Together and separately, they also produced many other scholarly studies and editions. Wilhelm's chief solo work was The German Heroic Tale (1829); Jacob's German Mythology (1835) was a highly influential study of pre-Christian German faith and superstition. Jacob's extensive Deutsche Grammatik (1819-37), on the grammars of all Germanic languages, elaborates the important linguistic principle now known as Grimm's law. In the 1840s the brothers began work on the Deutsches Wörterbuch, a vast historical dictionary of the German language that required several generations to complete and remains the standard work of its kind
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn -Bartholdy
born Feb. 3, 1809, Hamburg died Nov. 4, 1847, Leipzig German composer. Grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, he grew up in a wealthy Jewish family that had converted to Protestantism. He began to compose at age 11; at 16 he wrote his first masterpiece, the String Octet in E Flat Major (1825), followed by the Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream (1826). In 1829 he conducted the first performance in 100 years of Johann Sebastian Bach's St. Matthew Passion, greatly contributing to the Bach revival. He wrote the first of a series of elegant piano works, Songs Without Words, in 1830. His Reformation (1832) and Italian (1833) symphonies date from this period. He observed Classical models and practices while initiating key aspects of Romanticism, which exalted emotions and the imagination above rigid forms and traditions. After serving as music director of the Catholic city of Düsseldorf (1833-35), he took the parallel position in Protestant Leipzig. There he built up the Gewandhaus Orchestra, making Leipzig the musical capital of Germany. In his last decade he produced great works such as the Scottish Symphony (1842), the violin concerto (1844), and the oratorio Elijah (1846). His beloved sister, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel (1805-47), had been considered his equal in musical talent as a girl, but she was discouraged from composing until her marriage to the painter Wilhelm Hensel (1794-1861); she eventually wrote more than 500 works. Her death was a severe shock to Mendelssohn; years of overwork simultaneously caught up with him, and he died six months after her
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy
{i} Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), German composer
Johann David Ludwig Count Yorck von Wartenburg
born Sept. 26, 1759, Potsdam, Prussia died Oct. 4, 1830, Klein-ls, Silesia Prussian army commander. After serving with the Prussian army (1772-79) and Dutch army (1779-87), he rejoined the Prussian army and fought in Poland (1794) and later in the war against France (1806). Promoted to major general, he helped reorganize the army, developing the tactics of the infantry scout and the line of skirmishes. In 1812 he led the Prussian contingent of Napoleon's invading army into Russia. During the French retreat, he concluded an accord with Russia that opened the way for Prussia to join the Allied powers against Napoleon. He was made a count in 1814 and a field marshal in 1821
Johann Ludwig Tieck
born May 31, 1773, Berlin, Prussia died April 28, 1853, Berlin German writer and critic. He was educated at the universities of Halle, Göttingen, and Erlangen. His first works are associated with early Romanticism, the best appealing to the emotions rather than the intellect. Volksmärchen (1797) includes one of his best short novels, Blond Eckbert. This period culminated in the grotesque, lyrical plays Life and Death of St. Genevieve (1800) and Emperor Octavian (1804). Later his writing moved toward realism. While he was an adviser and critic at the Dresden theatre (1825-42), he became a great literary authority
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
born April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig died Oct. 4, 1947, Göttingen, W.Ger. German physicist. He studied at the Universities of Munich and Kiel, then became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Berlin (1889-1928). His work on the second law of thermodynamics and blackbody radiation led him to formulate the revolutionary quantum theory of radiation, for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1918. He also discovered the quantum of action, now known as Planck's constant, h. He championed Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, but he opposed the indeterministic, statistical worldview introduced by Niels Bohr, Max Born, and Werner Heisenberg after the advent of quantum mechanics. As the influential president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (later the Max Planck Society) until his resignation in 1937, he appealed to Adolf Hitler to reverse his devastating racial policies. His son was later implicated in the July Plot against Hitler and was executed
Otto Ludwig Preminger
born Dec. 5, 1906, Vienna, Austria died April 23, 1986, New York, N.Y., U.S. Austrian-born U.S. film director. While studying law in his native Vienna, he worked with Max Reinhardt's theatre and soon became its director. In 1935 he went to the U.S. to direct Libel on Broadway. Invited to Hollywood, he made the successful thriller Laura (1944), which helped establish film noir. Forming his own production company, he defied Hollywood's Production Code with a series of controversial films and brought about the relaxation of censorship regulations. His landmark films include The Moon Is Blue (1953); the all-African American Carmen Jones (1954); and The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), a tale of drug addiction. His later films include Anatomy of a Murder (1959), Exodus (1960), The Cardinal (1963), and Hurry Sundown (1967). He also worked as a character actor, most notably in Billy Wilder's Stalag 17 (1953)
Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse
born March 15, 1830, Berlin, Prussia died April 2, 1914, Munich, Ger. German writer. An independent scholar, he led a circle of writers in Munich who sought to preserve traditional artistic values from the encroachment of political radicalism, materialism, and realism. His admired short stories and novellas were collected in numerous volumes; he also published novels, including Children of the World (1873) and Merlin (1892), and many unsuccessful plays. Among his best works are his translations of Giacomo Leopardi and other Italian and Spanish poets; many were set to music by Hugo Wolf. His popularity was already declining when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910
ludwig