rudolf

Turkish - Turkish

Definition of rudolf in Turkish Turkish dictionary

Related Terms

rudolf carnap

Mantık ve Bilim Felsefesine öndemli katkıları olmuş ABD'li düşürnür(1891-1970)

English - English

Definition of rudolf in English English dictionary

{i} male first name; (1858-1889) archduke and the Austrian male heir apparent to the throne; family name

See Lake Turkana. or Rudolf of Habsburg born May 1, 1218, Limburg-im-Breisgau died July 15, 1291, Speyer First German king (1273-91) of the Habsburg dynasty. He inherited lands in Alsace, the Aargau, and Breisgau and extended his territory by marriage and through negotiation. Crowned king in 1273, he was recognized by Pope Gregory X only after promising to lead a new Crusade and to renounce imperial rights in Rome, the papal territories, and Italy. Rudolf defeated his rival Otakar II (1276, 1278) and gained lands in Austria, which he granted to his sons. He worked to combat the expansionist policies of France, but French influence at the papal court kept him from being crowned Holy Roman emperor. Although he created the core of later Habsburg territorial power, Rudolf was unable to make the throne a hereditary possession of his family, because the German electors would not raise his son to the kingship. born Aug. 21, 1858, Schloss Laxenburg, near Vienna, Austria died Jan. 30, 1889, Schloss Mayerling, near Vienna Archduke and crown prince of Austria. The son of Emperor Francis Joseph, he received a broad education and traveled widely. As heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, he hoped to bring reform to the empire, but his liberal views alienated his father, and he was excluded from the business of government. From 1881 he considered having himself crowned king of Hungary and reviving a kingdom of Poland. He then became despondent and allegedly formed a suicide pact with his mistress, Maria Vetsera; the two were found shot dead in the hunting lodge at Mayerling. Efforts to disguise the facts provoked many rumours, while romantic writers found inspiration in the story. Bing Sir Rudolf Bultmann Rudolf Karl Carnap Rudolf Diesel Rudolf Christian Karl Eucken Rudolf Christoph Friml Charles Rudolf Frisch Max Rudolf Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hess Walter Richard Rudolf Hess Walter Rudolf Jhering Rudolf von Laban Rudolf von Nureyev Rudolf Hametovich Otto Rudolf Rudolf I Rudolf of Habsburg Rudolf Lake Rundstedt Karl Rudolf Gerd von Serkin Rudolf Steiner Rudolf Karl August Rudolf Steinmetz Virchow Rudolf Carl

Related Terms

Rudolf Bultmann

born Aug. 20, 1884, Wiefelstede, Ger. died July 30, 1976, Marburg, W.Ger. German Protestant theologian and New Testament scholar. The son of a Lutheran pastor, he studied at the University of Tübingen and later taught many years at Marburg (1921-51). He established his reputation with his analysis of the Gospels in History of the Synoptic Tradition (1921). Influenced by his colleague Martin Heidegger, he held that Christian faith should focus less on the historical Jesus and more on the transcendent Christ, and he examined the New Testament in mythical terms. During the Nazi era he supported the anti-Nazi Confessing Church. His postwar books included Kerygma and Myth (1953), History and Eschatology (1957), and Jesus Christ and Mythology (1960)

Rudolf Carl Virchow

v. born Oct. 13, 1821, Schivelbein, Pomerania, Prussia died Sept. 5, 1902, Berlin German pathologist, anthropologist, and statesman. In 1847 he cofounded the pathology journal now named for him (Virchows Archiv). He held the first chairs of pathological anatomy at the Universities of Würzburg (1849-56) and Berlin (1856-1902). In 1861 he was elected to the Prussian Diet and founded the Progressive Party. He coined the terms thrombosis and embolism while disproving the theory that phlebitis causes most diseases. His work supported emerging ideas on cell division and metabolism, pointing out that cell division accounted for the multiplication of cells to form tissues. His rejection of the theory that bacteria cause disease and of Ignaz Semmelweis's advocacy of antisepsis delayed the use of antiseptics. Virchow also founded two anthropological societies and accompanied Heinrich Schliemann to Troy (1879) and Egypt (1888)

Rudolf Carnap

born May 18, 1891, Ronsdorf, Ger. died Sept. 14, 1970, Santa Monica, Calif., U.S. German-born U.S. philosopher. He earned a doctorate in physics at the University of Jena in 1921. In 1926 he was invited to join the faculty of the University of Vienna, where he soon became an influential member of a group of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists known as the Vienna Circle. Out of their discussions developed the basic ideas of logical positivism. Carnap immigrated to the U.S. in 1935 and taught at the University of Chicago (1936-52). After two years at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (1952-54), he joined the faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles, where he remained until his death. Carnap sought to give the basic thesis of empiricism that all concepts and beliefs about the world ultimately derive from immediate experience a precise interpretation, construing it as a logical thesis about the evidential grounding of empirical knowledge. For Carnap, empiricism is the doctrine that the terms and sentences that express assertions about the world are "reducible" in a clearly specifiable sense to terms and sentences describing the immediate data of experience. His major works include The Logical Structure of the World (1928), The Logical Syntax of Language (1934), Introduction to Semantics (1942), Meaning and Necessity (1947), and The Logical Foundations of Probability (1950)

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

born March 18, 1858, Paris, France died Sept. 29, 1913, at sea in the English Channel German thermal engineer. In the 1890s he invented the internal-combustion engine that bears his name, producing a series of increasingly successful models of the diesel engine that culminated in his demonstration in 1897 of a 25-horsepower, four-stroke, single vertical cylinder compression engine

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

born Jan. 5, 1846, Aurich, East Friesland died Sept. 14, 1926, Jena, Ger. German philosopher. He taught primarily at the University of Jena (1874-1920). Distrusting abstract intellectualism and systematics, Eucken centred his philosophy upon actual human experience. He maintained that man is the meeting place of nature and spirit and that it is a human duty and privilege to overcome nature by incessant striving after the spiritual life. A strong critic of naturalism, he held that humans are differentiated from the rest of the natural world by their possession of a soul, an entity that cannot be explained in terms of natural processes. He also was known as an interpreter of Aristotle. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1908

Rudolf Friml

born Dec. 7, 1879, Prague died Nov. 12, 1972, Hollywood, Calif., U.S. Czech-born U.S. composer. He studied under Antonín Dvoák, and he immigrated to the U.S. in 1906. In 1912, replacing Victor Herbert, he composed the highly successful operetta The Firefly (with Otto Harbach). The next major success of his approximately 30 operettas, Rose Marie (1924; with "Indian Love Call"), was followed by The Vagabond King (1925; with "Song of the Vagabonds" and "Some Day") and The Three Musketeers (1928), among the last operettas to enjoy popular success

Rudolf Hametovich Nureyev

born March 17, 1938, Irkutsk, Russia, U.S.S.R. died Jan. 6, 1993, Paris, Fr. Russian ballet dancer. After studying ballet in Leningrad (1955-58), he joined the Kirov Ballet as a soloist. He defected during the company's tour to Paris in 1961. Thereafter he danced as a guest artist with many companies, especially the Royal Ballet, where he regularly partnered Margot Fonteyn. His performances, combining an intensely romantic sensibility with stunning muscularity and technique, made him an international star. He choreographed new versions of Romeo and Juliet, Manfred, and The Nutcracker. From 1983 to 1989 he was artistic director of the Paris Opéra Ballet

Rudolf Hess

(1894-1987) close assistant to Adolf Hitler, high-ranking official of the Nazi party who was sentenced to life in prison for his crimes

Rudolf Hess

a German Nazi politician who was directly below Hitler in rank. In 1941 he made a secret flight to Scotland to try to arrange a peace agreement, but he was caught and made a prisoner. In 1946 he was judged to be guilty of war crimes, and was put in Spandau Prison in Berlin until his death (1894-1987). born April 26, 1894, Alexandria, Egypt died Aug. 17, 1987, West Berlin, W.Ger. German Nazi leader. He joined the fledgling Nazi Party in 1920 and soon became Adolf Hitler's friend. After participating in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), he escaped but returned voluntarily to prison, where he took down dictation for Hitler's Mein Kampf. He became Hitler's private secretary and, in 1933, deputy party leader. In the early days of World War II his power waned. In 1941 he created an international sensation when he secretly landed by parachute in Scotland on an abortive mission to negotiate peace between Britain and Germany. The British government held him as a prisoner of war, and his peace initiative was rejected by Hitler. He was given a life sentence at the Nürnberg trials, and from 1966 he was the sole inmate at Spandau prison

Rudolf I

Holy Roman emperor (1273-1291) and founder of the Hapsburg dynasty

Rudolf Karl Bultmann

born Aug. 20, 1884, Wiefelstede, Ger. died July 30, 1976, Marburg, W.Ger. German Protestant theologian and New Testament scholar. The son of a Lutheran pastor, he studied at the University of Tübingen and later taught many years at Marburg (1921-51). He established his reputation with his analysis of the Gospels in History of the Synoptic Tradition (1921). Influenced by his colleague Martin Heidegger, he held that Christian faith should focus less on the historical Jesus and more on the transcendent Christ, and he examined the New Testament in mythical terms. During the Nazi era he supported the anti-Nazi Confessing Church. His postwar books included Kerygma and Myth (1953), History and Eschatology (1957), and Jesus Christ and Mythology (1960)

Rudolf Laban

born Dec. 15, 1879, Bratislava, Austria-Hungary died July 1, 1958, Weybridge, Surrey, Eng. Hungarian modern-dance teacher, inventor of the Labanotation system of dance notation. After studying dance in Paris, he opened his Choreographic Institute in Zürich, Switz., in 1915 and later founded branches in Italy, France, and central Europe. From 1919 to 1937 he worked in Germany, where in 1930-34 he was ballet director of the Berlin State Opera. In 1928 he published his method for recording all forms of human motion, which enabled choreographers to record the dancer's steps and other body movements, including their rhythm. In 1938 he joined his former pupil Kurt Jooss and taught dance in England, where he later formed the Art of Movement Studio. His system was further developed and maintained at centres in Essen, Ger., and New York

Rudolf Nureyev

a Russian ballet dancer who escaped from the former Soviet Union in 1961 to live in the West. He often danced with Dame Margot Fonteyn and was one of the greatest male dancers ever (1938-93). born March 17, 1938, Irkutsk, Russia, U.S.S.R. died Jan. 6, 1993, Paris, Fr. Russian ballet dancer. After studying ballet in Leningrad (1955-58), he joined the Kirov Ballet as a soloist. He defected during the company's tour to Paris in 1961. Thereafter he danced as a guest artist with many companies, especially the Royal Ballet, where he regularly partnered Margot Fonteyn. His performances, combining an intensely romantic sensibility with stunning muscularity and technique, made him an international star. He choreographed new versions of Romeo and Juliet, Manfred, and The Nutcracker. From 1983 to 1989 he was artistic director of the Paris Opéra Ballet

Rudolf Nureyev

(1938-1993) Russian ballet dancer who defected to the West

Rudolf Otto

born Sept. 25, 1869, Peine, Prussia died March 6, 1937, Marburg, Ger. German theologian, philosopher, and historian of religion. He taught at the Universities of Göttingen and Breslau, then settled in Marburg in 1917. His theories on religion were influenced by his journeys to Africa and Asia to study non-Christian faiths and by the writings of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schleiermacher. In The Idea of the Holy (1917), Otto coined the term numinous to designate the nonrational element of religious experience the awe, fascination, and blissful exultation inspired by the perception of the divine. He believed that religion provided an understanding of the world that was distinct from and beyond that of science. His other books include Mysticism East and West (1926), India's Religion of Grace and Christianity (1930), and The Kingdom of God and Son of Man (1938)

Rudolf Serkin

born March 28, 1903, Eger, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary died May 8, 1991, Guilford, Vt., U.S. Austrian-born U.S. pianist. He made his debut at age 12 in Vienna, and from 1920 he was a close associate of the conductor Adolf Busch, whose daughter he married in 1935. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1939 and began teaching at the Curtis Institute, of which he served as director (1968-75). In 1950 he and Busch cofounded the Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont, which under Serkin's direction became the preeminent locus for chamber music in the U.S. He was known for his highly intelligent and expressive but self-effacing playing of the German-Austrian classics. His son, Peter (b. 1947), is a well-known pianist, with a wide repertoire

Rudolf Steiner

an Austrian philosopher who believed that human beings can be trained to develop their spiritual powers. He developed his own system for educating children, and started schools, called Steiner schools or Waldorf schools, that use his educational methods (1861-1925). born Feb. 27, 1861, Kraljevi, Austria died March 30, 1925, Dornach, Switz. Austrian-Swiss social and spiritual philosopher, founder of anthroposophy. He edited the scientific works of Johann W. von Goethe and contributed to the standard edition of Goethe's complete works. During this period he wrote The Philosophy of Freedom (1894). Coming gradually to believe in spiritual perception independent of the senses, he called the result of his research "anthroposophy," centring on "knowledge produced by the higher self in man." In 1912 he founded the Anthroposophical Society. In 1913 he built his first Goetheanum, a "school of spiritual science," in Dornach, Switz. In 1919 he founded a progressive school for workers at the Waldorf Astoria factory, which led to the international Waldorf School movement. Steiner's other writings include The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity (1894), Occult Science (1913), and Story of My Life (1924)

Rudolf Steiner

{i} (1861-1925) Austrian occultist and social philosopher who founded anthroposophy

Rudolf Virchow

v. born Oct. 13, 1821, Schivelbein, Pomerania, Prussia died Sept. 5, 1902, Berlin German pathologist, anthropologist, and statesman. In 1847 he cofounded the pathology journal now named for him (Virchows Archiv). He held the first chairs of pathological anatomy at the Universities of Würzburg (1849-56) and Berlin (1856-1902). In 1861 he was elected to the Prussian Diet and founded the Progressive Party. He coined the terms thrombosis and embolism while disproving the theory that phlebitis causes most diseases. His work supported emerging ideas on cell division and metabolism, pointing out that cell division accounted for the multiplication of cells to form tissues. His rejection of the theory that bacteria cause disease and of Ignaz Semmelweis's advocacy of antisepsis delayed the use of antiseptics. Virchow also founded two anthropological societies and accompanied Heinrich Schliemann to Troy (1879) and Egypt (1888)

Rudolf von Jhering

born Aug. 22, 1818, Aurich, Hanover died Sept. 17, 1892, Göttingen, Ger. German legal scholar. He taught Roman law at Giessen (1852-68), at Göttingen (from 1872), and at four other universities (including the University of Vienna) for briefer periods. He examined the relationship between law and social change in The Spirit of Roman Law (1852-65) and between individual and social interests in Law as a Means to an End (1877-83). He maintained that the purpose of law is to protect individual and societal interests by coordinating them and thus minimizing occasions for conflict. He is sometimes called the father of sociological jurisprudence

Rudolf von Laban

born Dec. 15, 1879, Bratislava, Austria-Hungary died July 1, 1958, Weybridge, Surrey, Eng. Hungarian modern-dance teacher, inventor of the Labanotation system of dance notation. After studying dance in Paris, he opened his Choreographic Institute in Zürich, Switz., in 1915 and later founded branches in Italy, France, and central Europe. From 1919 to 1937 he worked in Germany, where in 1930-34 he was ballet director of the Berlin State Opera. In 1928 he published his method for recording all forms of human motion, which enabled choreographers to record the dancer's steps and other body movements, including their rhythm. In 1938 he joined his former pupil Kurt Jooss and taught dance in England, where he later formed the Art of Movement Studio. His system was further developed and maintained at centres in Essen, Ger., and New York

Charles Rudolf Friml

born Dec. 7, 1879, Prague died Nov. 12, 1972, Hollywood, Calif., U.S. Czech-born U.S. composer. He studied under Antonín Dvoák, and he immigrated to the U.S. in 1906. In 1912, replacing Victor Herbert, he composed the highly successful operetta The Firefly (with Otto Harbach). The next major success of his approximately 30 operettas, Rose Marie (1924; with "Indian Love Call"), was followed by The Vagabond King (1925; with "Song of the Vagabonds" and "Some Day") and The Three Musketeers (1928), among the last operettas to enjoy popular success

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

born Feb. 22, 1857, Hamburg, Ger. died Jan. 1, 1894, Bonn German physicist. While a professor at Karlsruhe Polytechnic (1885-89), he produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory and measured their length and velocity. He showed that the nature of their vibration and their susceptibility to reflection and refraction were the same as those of light waves, and he proved that light and heat are electromagnetic radiations. He was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves. In 1889 he was appointed professor at the University of Bonn, where he continued his research on the discharge of electricity in rarefied gases. The hertz (Hz), a unit of frequency in cycles per second, is named for him

Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt

born Dec. 12, 1875, Aschersleben, near Magdeburg, Prussia died Feb. 24, 1953, Hannover, W.Ger. German general in World War II. Chief of staff of an army corps in World War I, he was active after the war in Germany's secret rearmament. In World War II he was promoted to field marshal (1940) and commanded armies in the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. As commander in chief on the Western Front (1942-45), he fortified France against the expected Allied invasion. Removed briefly from command (1944), he returned to direct the Battle of the Bulge. He was captured in 1945 but released because of ill health

Lake Rudolf

or Lake Turkana Lake, mainly in northern Kenya. The fourth largest of the eastern African lakes, it lies 1,230 ft (375 m) above sea level in the Great Rift Valley and covers an area of 2,473 sq mi (6,405 sq km). The three main islands in the lake are volcanic. The lake is relatively shallow; its greatest recorded depth is 240 ft (73 m). Having no outlet, the lake's waters are brackish. Sudden storms are frequent, rendering navigation treacherous. It is a rich reservoir of fish

Lake Rudolf

{i} former name of Lake Turkana, lake located in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya and having its northern end extending into Ethiopia

Max Rudolf

{i} (1902-1995) German born famous USA orchestra conductor

Max Rudolf Frisch

born May 15, 1911, Zürich, Switz. died April 4, 1991, Zürich Swiss dramatist and novelist. Originally a journalist, he later worked as an architect, a career he abandoned for writing in 1955. He is noted for his Expressionist depictions of the moral dilemmas of 20th-century life. His early drama Santa Cruz (1947) established the central theme of his subsequent works: the predicament of the complicated, skeptical individual in modern society. Other plays include The Chinese Wall (1947), The Fire Raisers (1958), and Andorra (1961). Among his novels are I'm Not Stiller (1954), Homo Faber (1957), A Wilderness of Mirrors (1964), and Man in the Holocene (1979)

Sir Rudolf Bing

born Jan. 9, 1902, Vienna, Austria-Hungary died Sept. 2, 1997, New York, N.Y., U.S. Austrian-born British opera impresario. After holding positions in German opera houses, he assumed the position of general manager at the Glyndebourne Opera in England (1935-49). In 1946 he helped found the Edinburgh Festival. From 1950 until 1972 he served as general manager of the Metropolitan Opera, where, wielding autocratic power, he raised the institution's performance standards, extended its season, encouraged innovations in design and production, ended the exclusion of black singers, and oversaw the company's move to Lincoln Center in 1966

Walter Richard Rudolf Hess

born April 26, 1894, Alexandria, Egypt died Aug. 17, 1987, West Berlin, W.Ger. German Nazi leader. He joined the fledgling Nazi Party in 1920 and soon became Adolf Hitler's friend. After participating in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), he escaped but returned voluntarily to prison, where he took down dictation for Hitler's Mein Kampf. He became Hitler's private secretary and, in 1933, deputy party leader. In the early days of World War II his power waned. In 1941 he created an international sensation when he secretly landed by parachute in Scotland on an abortive mission to negotiate peace between Britain and Germany. The British government held him as a prisoner of war, and his peace initiative was rejected by Hitler. He was given a life sentence at the Nürnberg trials, and from 1966 he was the sole inmate at Spandau prison

Walter Rudolf Hess

born March 17, 1881, Frauenfeld, Switz. died Aug. 12, 1973, Locarno Swiss physiologist. He worked at the University of Zürich (1917-51). His interests centred on the nerves that control automatic functions such as digestion and excretion and that also trigger the activities of a group of organs that respond to complex stimuli, such as stress. Using fine electrodes to stimulate or destroy specific areas of the brain in cats and dogs, Hess mapped the control centres for each function to such a degree that he could bring about the physical behaviour pattern of a cat confronted by a dog simply by stimulating the proper points on the cat's hypothalamus. He shared a 1949 Nobel Prize with Antonio Egas Moniz

Hyphenation

Ru·dolf

Turkish pronunciation

rudäf

Pronunciation

/ˈro͞oˌdäf/ /ˈruːˌdɑːf/