Online English Turkish and Multilingual Dictionary 20+ million words and idioms.

The academic study of persons whose psychological characteristics deviate from the norm

biological psychology

An instance of a person having psychological characteristics that deviate from the norm

The application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior

A branch of psychology with purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development

evolutionary psychology

A branch of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language

A theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, that is, as the functional products of natural selection

psychology.

psych

I can not understand the psychology of adolescents. - I can't understand the psychology of adolescents.

I can't understand the psychology of adolescents. - I can not understand the psychology of adolescents.

reverse psychology

The advocacy of one course of action in such a way as to persuade someone to take an opposite course

The interplay between the individual and society

The study of how people and groups interact

social-psychology

Attributive form of social psychology

social-psychology expert.

crowd psychology

Crowd psychology is a branch of social psychology. Ordinary people can typically gain direct power by acting collectively. Historically, because large groups of people have been able to bring about dramatic and sudden social change in a manner that bypasses established due process, they have also provoked controversy. Social scientists have developed several different theories for explaining crowd psychology, and the ways in which the psychology of the crowd differs significantly from the psychology of those individuals within it. Carl Jung coined the notion of the Collective unconscious. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include René Girard, Gustave Le Bon, Wilfred Trotter, Gabriel Tarde, Sigmund Freud, Elias Canetti, Steve Reicher and Julia Constintine. At a general level, crowd psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual crowd members and the crowd as a whole. Given the (particularly modern) prevalence of crowd events, and the potential safety issues associated with such large gatherings of people, the topic is receiving increasing attention from agencies responsible for crowd management and also from governments

ego psychology

(Psikoloji, Ruhbilim) A system of psychoanalytic developmental psychology concerned especially with personality

self psychology

(Psikoloji, Ruhbilim) Self psychology is a school of psychoanalytic theory and therapy created by Heinz Kohut and developed in the United States. Self psychology explains psychopathology as being the result of disrupted or unmet developmental needs. Essential to understanding Self psychology are the concepts of empathy, self-object, mirroring, idealising, alter ego/twinship and the tripolar self. Though self psychology also recognizes certain drives, conflicts and complexes present in Freudian psychodynamic theory, these are understood within a different framework

Gestalt psychology

{i} school of psychology that considers mental processes to be complete "wholes" which cannot be broken down into separate components

Gestalt psychology

The school or theory in psychology holding that psychological, physiological, and behavioral phenomena are irreducible experiential configurations not derivable from a simple summation of perceptual elements such as sensation and response. Twentieth-century school of psychology that provided the foundation for the modern study of perception. The German term Gestalt, referring to how a thing has been "put together" (gestellt), is often translated as "pattern" or "configuration" in psychology. Its precepts, formulated as a reaction against the atomistic orientation of previous theories, emphasized that the whole of anything is different from the sum of its parts: organisms tend to perceive entire patterns or configurations rather than bits and pieces. The school emerged in Austria and Germany at the end of the 19th century and gained impetus through the works of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka (1886-1941); its principles were later expanded by Kurt Lewin. A form of psychotherapy only loosely related to Gestalt principles and influenced by existentialism and phenomenology was developed by Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls (1893-1970) in the 1940s. Gestalt therapy directs the client toward appreciating the form, meaning, and value of his perceptions and actions

Jungian psychology

{i} psychological theories of Carl Jung emphasizing the understanding of the mind of a person by exploring the worlds of mythology and dreams and the world philosophy and religion

The study of mental and emotional disorders or maladaptive behaviors, or of mental phenomena such as dreams, hypnosis, and altered states or levels of consciousness. or psychopathology Branch of psychology. It is concerned with mental and emotional disorders (e.g., neurosis, psychosis, mental deficiency) and with certain incompletely understood normal phenomena (such as dreams and hypnosis). The chief tool used in classifying psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric Assn.'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV)

branch of psychology which studies mental illness

the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior

analytic psychology

The theory of psychoanalysis developed by Carl Jung that focuses on the concept of the collective unconscious and the importance of balancing opposing forces within the personality. Psychoanalytic method of Carl Gustav Jung as he distinguished it from that of Sigmund Freud. Jung attached less importance than did Freud to the role of childhood sexual conflicts in the development of neurosis. He defined the unconscious to include both the individual's own unconscious and that inherited, partly in the form of archetypes, from his or her ancestors (the "collective unconscious"). He classified people into introvert and extrovert types, and further distinguished them according to four primary functions of the mind thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition one or more of which predominated in any given person

analytical psychology

type of psychoanalysis developed by Carl Gustav Jung (20th century Swiss psychologist)

applied psychology

any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc

applied psychology

psychological theory used in treatment

applied psychology

Branch of psychology concerned with solving practical problems of human behaviour by using the findings and methods of psychological science. Intelligence testing, legal problems, industrial efficiency, motivation, and delinquency were among the first areas of application in the early 20th century. World Wars I and II fostered work on vocational testing, teaching methods, evaluation of attitudes and morale, performance under stress, propaganda and psychological warfare, and rehabilitation. The aviation and aerospace industries were important for the development of engineering psychology, the study of human-machine relationships. Other areas include consumer psychology, school psychology, and community psychology. See also industrial-organizational psychology; psychometrics

behavioral psychology

school of psychology that focuses on observable and measurable behavior

behaviorist psychology

branch of psychology concentrating on the study of behavior and its origins and causes

child psychology

Study of the psychological processes of children. The field is sometimes subsumed under developmental psychology. Data are gathered through observation, interviews, tests, and experimental methods. Principal topics include language acquisition and development, motor skills, personality development, and social, emotional, and intellectual growth. The field began to emerge in the late 19th century through the work of G. Stanley Hall and others. In the 20th century the psychoanalysts Anna Freud and Melanie Klein devoted themselves to child psychology, but its most influential figure was Jean Piaget, who described the various stages of childhood learning and characterized the child's perception of himself and the world at each stage. See also school psychology

Branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Clinical psychologists evaluate patients through interviews, observation, and psychological tests, and they apply current research findings and methodologies in making diagnoses and assigning treatments. Most clinical psychologists hold an academic degree (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) rather than a medical degree (M.D.); they may provide psychotherapy but cannot prescribe medications. Most practictioners work in hospitals or clinics or in private practice, often in tandem with psychiatrists and social workers, treating mentally or physically disabled patients, prison inmates, drug and alcohol abusers, and geriatric patients, among others. See also psychiatry; social work

branch of psychology dealing with the treatment of individuals and groups in a clinical setting

the branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behavior

branch of psychology which studies perception understanding and thought processes

an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes

comparative psychology

Branch of psychology devoted to the study of human cognition, particularly as it affects learning and behaviour. The field grew out of advances in Gestalt, developmental, and comparative psychology and in computer science, particularly information-processing research. Cognitive psychology shares many research interests with cognitive science, and some experts classify it as a branch of the latter. Contemporary cognitive theory has followed one of two broad approaches: the developmental approach, derived from the work of Jean Piaget and concerned with "representational thought" and the construction of mental models ("schemas") of the world, and the information-processing approach, which views the human mind as analogous to a sophisticated computer system

branch of psychology which researches the similarities and differences between various psychological approaches

comparative psychology

Study of similarities and differences in behavioral organization among living beings. The discipline pays particular attention to the psychological nature of humans in comparison with other animals. It began to emerge in the late 19th century and grew rapidly in the 20th century, involving experimental studies on human and animal brain function, learning, and motivation. Well-known studies have included those of Ivan Pavlov on conditioning in laboratory dogs, those of Harry Harlow (1905-81) on the effects of social deprivation in monkeys, and those of various researchers on language abilities in apes

comparative psychology

the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals

consumer psychology

Branch of social psychology concerned with the market behaviour of consumers. Consumer psychologists examine the preferences, customs, and habits of various consumer groups; their research on consumer attitudes is often used to help design advertising campaigns and to formulate new products

crowd psychology

group dynamics of a large crowd

developmental psychology

the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children

developmental psychology

branch of psychology concerned with the stages of human development

developmental psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the study of progressive behavioral changes in an individual from birth until death. Branch of psychology concerned with changes in cognitive, motivational, psychophysiological, and social functioning that occur throughout the human life span. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, developmental psychologists were concerned primarily with child psychology. In the 1950s they became interested in the relationship between child rearing and adult personality, as well as in examining adolescence in its own right. By the late 20th century they had become interested in all aspects of psychological development and change over the entire life span

differential psychology

the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals

dime store psychology

pop psychology, interpretations and explanations based on a vague knowledge of psychological concepts

educational psychology

Educational psychology is the area of psychology that is concerned with the study and assessment of teaching methods, and with helping individual pupils who have educational problems. + educational psychologist educational psychologists edu·ca·tion·al psy·cholo·gist An assessment by an independent educational psychologist was essential. Branch of psychology concerned with the learning processes and psychological issues associated with the teaching and training of students. The educational psychologist studies the cognitive development of students and the various factors involved in learning, including aptitude and learning measurement, the creative process, and the motivational forces that influence student-teacher dynamics. Two early leaders in the field were G. Stanley Hall and Edward L. Thorndike. See also school psychology

ego psychology

school of psychoanalysis of the neo-Freudian psychology which advocates that the ego has independent energy and functions freely without dependence

environmental psychology

branch of psychology that studies the influence of environments on human behavior (natural environments, social environments, learning environments, etc.)

evolutionary psychology

The study of the psychological adaptations of humans to the changing physical and social environment, especially of changes in brain structure, cognitive mechanisms, and behavioral differences among individuals

experimental psychology

the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues

experimental psychology

{i} psychology that is based on experience; branch of psychology that deals with the fundamental mechanisms of the mind

experimental psychology

Branch or type of psychology concerned with employing empirical principles and procedures in the study of psychological phenomena. The experimental psychologist seeks to carry out tests under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknown effect or law, to examine or establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known law. The areas of study that rely most heavily on the experimental method include those of sensation and perception, learning and memory, motivation, and physiological psychology. Experimental approaches are also used in child psychology, clinical psychology, educational psychology, and social psychology

folk psychology

Ways of conceptualizing mind and the mental that are implicit in our ordinary, everyday attributions of mental states to ourselves and others. Philosophers have adopted different positions about the extent to which folk psychology and its generalizations (e.g., those portraying human actions as governed by intention) are supported by the findings of scientific psychology. Some consider it indispensible to understanding human conduct. Others ("eliminative materialists") think that it can and perhaps will be replaced by scientific psychology

forensic psychology

Application of psychology to legal issues, often for the purpose of offering expert testimony in a courtroom. In civil and criminal cases, forensic psychologists may evaluate individuals to determine questions such as competency to stand trial, relationship of a mental disorder to an accident or crime, and potential for future dangerous behaviour. In addition to conducting interviews and administering psychological tests, they usually gather a forensic history, which includes information such as hospital records, police reports, and statements of witnesses. They are also expected to have a grasp of relevant legal questions. In a child-custody case, a forensic psychologist may be asked to evaluate home environments, parents, and the character of the child in order to recommend a custody decision in the child's best interests

freudian psychology

the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud

A school of psychology

An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense, rather than on the individual elements of perception gestalt_psychology (217 0K)

A school in psychology that emphasizes the organized character of human experience and behaviour Gestalt is a German word that means form, pattern, or configuration Gestalt psychology thus emphasizes the study of wholes or whole patterns

A school of psychology founded in Germany in the 1910s

(psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties

The school of thought based on the belief that human consciousness cannot be broken down into its elements (p 8)

humanistic psychology

(pronounced "gess-TAHLT") a school of psychology holding that psychological phenomena are best understood when viewed as organized, structured wholes, rather than when analyzed into numerous components

Twentieth-century movement in psychology, developed largely in reaction against behaviourism and psychoanalysis, that emphasizes the importance of values, intentions, and meaning in the compass of the individual. The concept of the "self" is a central focus for most humanistic psychologists. Architects of the humanistic approach included Abraham H. Maslow, Carl R. Rogers, and Rollo May (1909-94). Types of humanistic therapies have included sensory awareness, encounter groups, existential analysis, Gestalt therapy, logotherapy, and various transpersonal, human-potential, holistic-health, and addiction-recovery schools

individual psychology

one on one psychological treatment

industrial psychology

The branch of applied psychology that is concerned with efficient management of an industrial labor force and especially with problems encountered by workers in a mechanized environment.industrial psychologist n

industrial psychology

psychologist dealing with the development of job training programs and figuring out determinants of consumer behavior

industrial-organizational psychology

or I-O psychology Application of the concepts and methods of experimental, clinical, and social psychology to the workplace. I-O psychologists are concerned with such matters as personnel evaluation and placement, job analysis, worker-management relations (including morale and job satisfaction), workforce training and development (including leadership training), and productivity improvement. They may work closely with business managers, industrial engineers, and human-resources professionals

institute for applied psychology

institute were applied psychology is studied

jungian psychology

the psychological theories of Carl Jung

marketing psychology

method of using psychological methods when marketing a product to help attract the largest number of customers

mass psychology

study of the behavior of the masses

moral psychology

In psychology, study of the development of the moral sense i. e., of the capacity for forming judgments about what is morally right or wrong, good or bad. The U.S. psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg hypothesized that people's development of moral standards passes through several levels. At the early level, that of preconventional moral reasoning, the child uses external and physical events (such as pleasure or pain) as the source for moral decisions; his standards are based strictly on what will avoid punishment or bring pleasure. At the intermediate level, that of conventional moral reasoning, the child or adolescent views moral standards as a way of maintaining the approval of authority figures, chiefly his parents, and acts in accordance with their precepts. At the third level, that of postconventional moral reasoning, the adult bases his moral standards on principles that he himself has evaluated and accepts as inherently valid, regardless of society's opinion. Beginning in the 1970s Kohlberg's work was criticized by psychologists and philosophers influenced by feminism. According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's stages are inherently sexist, because they equate moral maturity with an orientation toward moral problems that is socially instilled in males but not in females. Whereas the male "ethic of rights and justice" treats morality in terms of abstract principles and conceives of moral agents as essentially autonomous, acting independently of their social situations according to general rules, the female "ethic of care" treats morality in terms of concrete bonds to particular individuals based on feelings of care and responsibility and conceives of moral agents as connected and interdependent through their feelings of care and responsibility for each other

occupational psychology

branch of psychology that studies the place of work and the performance of people at the workplace

organizational psychology

branch of psychology which applies psychological principles in organizations and factories

personality psychology

branch of psychology that deals with the study of personality and its definition

physiological psychology

The branch of psychology that studies the biological and physiological basis of behavior.physiological psychologist n. Study of the physiological basis of behaviour. Traditional specializations in the field cover perception, motivation, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, or mental disorders. Also considered are other physical factors that affect the nervous system, including heredity, metabolism, hormones, disease, drug ingestion, and diet. An experimental science, physiological psychology relies heavily on laboratory research and quantitative data

physiological psychology

the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes

pop psychology

ways of dealing with personal problems that are made popular on television or in books, but are not considered scientific

popular psychology

superficially dealing with extremely complex scientific matters

psychologies

plural of psychology

A professional who has a doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology from a program approved by the American Psychological Association and is licensed in the state of practice

a scientist trained in psychology

A person who has training in psychology Psychology is the study of the mind and the way children think and act

One who is versed in, devoted to, psychology

{i} expert in psychology, one who treats mental illnesses, one who studies mental processes

A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional problems Their role with patients usually involves testing, counseling, and psychotherapy

A non-medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional problems Psychologists cannot prescribe drugs Their role usually involves testing, counselling and psychotherapy

A psychologist is a person who studies the human mind and tries to explain why people behave in the way that they do. someone who is trained in psychology psychiatrist

someone who studies the mind and human behavior A psychologist will treat patients with mental illness, but cannot prescribe drugs

An individual who is trained to provide professional counseling on psychological and emotional issues and may also specialize in areas such as marital counseling, relaxation therapy, stress management, or sex therapy

a specialist in the field of psychology, usually having a Master's degree or Ph D in psychology

A mental health professional with a doctorate in psychology who can give counseling and behavioral therapy, but cannot prescribe medication

Has received a Ph D in psychology and passed a national licensing examination As with Clinical Nurse Specialists, Licensed Professional Counselors, and Social Workers, Psychologists have to attend continuing education programs to maintain their licensure Psychologists can specialize in a variety of areas that concern relationships, from developmental psychology to industrial psychology Most Psychologists do not specialize, preferring to work with a mixture of clients Psychologists diagnose and treat their clients, utilizing their expertise in human theory and behavior Psychologists provide psychological testing to help diagnose and treat clients Often, the other mental health professionals will refer clients to the Psychologist for psychology testing

Mental health professionals who have earned a doctoral degree in psychology ( Ph D or Psy D) and have undergone clinical training In most states, psychologists cannot prescribe medication

A professional specializing in counseling, including adjustment to disability Psychologists use tests to identify personality and cognitive functioning This information is shared with team members to assure consistency in approaches The psychologist may provide individual or group psychotherapy for the purpose of cognitive retraining, management of behavior and the development of coping skills by the patient/client and members of the family

An expert in the field of psychology

The term "Psychologist" means a person who is legally qualified and licensed to practice psychology at the time and place services are rendered to an Covered Person, other than an individual who ordinarily resides in that Covered Person’s home, or who is a member of the Immediate Family

A man who watches everyone else when a beautiful girl enters the room

A specialist who can talk with you and your family about emotional and personal matters, and can help you make decisions

A health professional specially trained to help individual's cope with and manage daily life issues (at home and work)

psychologists

plural of psychologist

rational psychology

Metaphysical discipline that attempted to determine the nature of the human soul by a priori reasoning. In Christian Wolff's division of metaphysics, rational psychology was one of three disciplines included under the heading of "special metaphysics" (the others being rational cosmology and rational theology). Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Pure Reason, criticized the pretensions of rational psychology

school psychology

Branch of applied psychology that deals largely with educational assessment, psychological testing, and student consultation in elementary and secondary schools. School psychologists train in educational and developmental psychology as well as in general psychology, counseling, and other fields. The school psychologist usually must be certified to practice in a particular school district

the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole

branch of psychology that deals with investigating the behavior of individuals in society