baron

الإنجليزية - التركية

تعريف baron في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.: kral; çok etkili ve önemli işadamı; baron; {i} büyük işadamı; {i} büyük sığır eti parçası; kudretli iş adamı; {i} çok zengin işadamı, kral: an oil baron petrol kralı; {i} kral (Argo)
baron of beef: büyük sığır eti parçası
robber baron: hırsız baron
media baron: (Basın) medya baronu
oil baron: petrol kralı
press baron: basın kralı
press baron: gazete patronu (büyük)
usurious baron: tefeci baron

التركية - التركية

تعريف baron في التركية التركية القاموس.: Batı ülkelerinde vikont ile şövalye arasında soyluluk unvanı: "Tombul yanaklarıyla Türk'ten çok bir Alman baronunu andırır."- S. Birsel; Batı ülkelerinde vikont ile şövalye arasında soyluluk unvanı

الإنجليزية - الإنجليزية

تعريف baron في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.: A male member of the lowest rank of British nobles; A particular cut of beef, made up of a double sirloin; The male ruler of a barony; {n} a degree of nobility next to viscount; [see "Le Baron"]; a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank; The two legs and saddle cooked as a unit; a British peer of the lowest rank a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank; L L baro, varo: Latin vir, a man - Webster German bar, a man: beran, to carry - Skeat The man - one able to bear arms; one bound to render service to the king 1 Bl Com 398-99 A lord; a husband; A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount; (1) an early scientific British system; dark bluish-green, low- growing, disease resistant and relatively problem free; {i} nobleman, count, ruler; A feudal lord See also fief; You can use baron to refer to someone who controls a large amount of a particular industry or activity and who is therefore extremely powerful. the battle against the drug barons. the British press barons. Title of nobility, ranking in modern times immediately below a viscount or a count (in countries without viscounts). The wife of a baron is a baroness. Originally, in the early Middle Ages, the term designated a tenant of whatever rank who held a tenure of barony direct from the king. Gradually, it came to mean a powerful personage, and therefore a magnate. The rights and title may be conferred for military or other honorable service. Friedrich Leopold Baron von Hardenberg Baron Adrian of Cambridge Amherst Jeffery Amherst 1st Baron Bach Alexander baron von Baden Powell of Gilwell Robert Stephenson Smyth 1st Baron Baltimore of Baltimore George Calvert 1st Baron Berzelius Jöns Jacob Baron Beveridge of Tuggal William Henry 1st Baron Blackett of Chelsea Patrick Maynard Stuart Baron Britten of Aldeburgh Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Bülow Hans Guido baron von Butler Richard Austen baron of Saffron Walden Byron George Gordon Byron 6th Baron Callaghan of Cardiff Leonard James Callaghan Baron Carondelet Francisco Luis Hector baron de Carson of Duncairn Edward Henry Baron Cauchy Augustin Louis Baron Cecil William 1st Baron Burghley Clark of Saltwood Kenneth Mackenzie Clark Baron Clive of Plassey Robert 1st Baron Coubertin Pierre baron de Cuvier Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Baron De La Warr Thomas West 12th Baron Baron Delaware Dorchester of Dorchester Guy Carleton 1st Baron Baron Dupuytren Eichendorff Joseph Baron von Ensor James Sidney Baron Erskine of Restormel Thomas Erskine 1st Baron Fairfax of Cameron Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Fisher of Kilverstone John Arbuthnot Fisher 1st Baron Florey Howard Walter Baron Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph Baron Baron Haussmann Holberg Ludvig Baron Horta Victor Baron Humboldt Karl Wilhelm baron von Ismay of Wormington Hastings Lionel Ismay Baron Jenkins of Hillhead Roy Harris Jenkins Baron Jomini Antoine Henri baron de Kelvin of Largs William Thomson Baron Keynes John Maynard Baron Keynes of Tilton Krafft Ebing Richard Freiherr Baron von La Hontan Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce baron de Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr baron von Leibniz Liebig Justus Freiherr baron von Baron Lister of Lyme Regis Lister Samuel Cunliffe Baron Masham of Swinton Baron Lloyd Webber Baron Lugard of Abinger Macaulay Thomas Babington Baron Macaulay of Rothley Baron Moynihan of Leeds Neurath Konstantin baron von Nordenskiöld Nils Adolf Erik Frihere baron Olivier Laurence Kerr Baron Olivier of Brighton Pirquet Clemens baron von Pufendorf Samuel baron von Raglan of Raglan FitzRoy James Henry Somerset 1st Baron Rank Joseph Arthur Baron Rank of Sutton Scotney Rayleigh of Terling Place John William Strutt 3rd Baron Reuter Paul Julius Baron von Reuter Richthofen Manfred baron von the Red Baron Rokitansky Karl baron von Rutherford of Nelson Ernest Rutherford Baron Baron Snow of the City of Leicester Stein Heinrich Friedrich Karl imperial baron vom und zum Steuben Frederick William Augustus Baron von Tedder of Glenguin Arthur William Tedder 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet Roy Herbert Thomson 1st Baron Turgot Anne Robert Jacques baron de l'Aulne Wilson James Harold Baron Wilson of Rievaulx Wolff Christian Freiherr baron von Wrangel Pyotr Nikolayevich Baron Acton of Aldenham John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton 1st Baron Beaverbrook of Beaverbrook and of Cherkley Maxwell Aitken lst Baron Baron Dalling and Bulwer of Dalling 1st Baron Lytton of Knebworth Baron Home of the Hirsel of Coldstream Freyberg of Wellington and of Munstead Bernard Cyril Freyberg 1st Baron Holland of Foxley and of Holland Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr baron von Baron Lawrence of the Punjab and of Grately Montesquieu Charles Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Noel Baker of the City of Derby Philip John Noel Baker Baron Shaughnessy of Montreal and Ashford Thomas George Shaughnessy 1st Baron Tennyson Alfred 1st Baron Tennyson of Aldworth and Freshwater Ward Barbara Mary Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth Baroness Blixen Finecke Droste Hülshoff Annette Baroness von Orczy Emmuska Magdalena Rosalia Marie Josepha Barbara Baroness Anne Louise Germaine Necker Baroness de Staë l Holstein Thatcher Margaret Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven; A baron is a man who is a member of the lowest rank of the nobility. their stepfather, Baron Michael Distemple; A husband; as, baron and feme, husband and wife; a very wealthy or powerful businessman; "an oil baron" a British peer of the lowest rank a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank; 1 an early scientific British system 2 a Club response to a No Trump opening that institutes up-the-line bidding of four-card suits by both partners 3 a bid one step below five (or six) of the agreed suit, asking partner to bid six (or seven) with strong trumps 4 a response of two No Trump to an opening suit one-bid to show a balanced hand with (originally) 16-18 points, or (more modernly) 16-17 points; sometimes played as 16-plus points with no upper limit; a very wealthy or powerful businessman; "an oil baron"; A Territorial Baron is a lord who has been chosen to serve as ceremonial head for his Barony, either by himself or with a Baroness A Court Baron is a lord who has been given this title by the Crown; a British peer of the lowest rank; Noun (Plural: Barons) Low ranking British noblemen, and in Japan However, it can be a nobleman of various rank in other countries For example Baron von Richtorfen (First World War Flying Ace)
baron and femme: The arms of a man and his wife, marshalled together
Baron A.J. Gros: {i} Antoine Jean Gros (1771-1835), French painter
Baron Antoine Jean Gros: {i} Antoine Jean Gros (1771-1835), French painter
Baron Hirsch: German banker and philanthropist
Baron Home: orig. Alexander Frederick later Baron Home (of the Hirsel of Coldstream) born July 2, 1903, London, Eng. died Oct. 9, 1995, The Hirsel, Coldstream, Berwickshire, Scot. British statesman. A member of the House of Commons (1931-45 and 1950-51), he entered the House of Lords after inheriting the earldom of Home (1951). He served as minister of state for Scotland (1951-55), leader of the House of Lords (1957-60), and foreign secretary (1960-63) before succeeding Harold Macmillan as prime minister in 1963, relinquishing his hereditary titles. He was unable to improve the British balance-of-payments situation and antagonized Conservatives by supporting legislation against price-fixing, but gained U.S. approval as a result of his anti-Communism. After his government fell in 1964, he became Conservative opposition spokesman on foreign affairs and later again foreign secretary (1970-74). In 1974 he was created a life peer
Baron Home of the Hirsel of Coldstream: orig. Alexander Frederick later Baron Home (of the Hirsel of Coldstream) born July 2, 1903, London, Eng. died Oct. 9, 1995, The Hirsel, Coldstream, Berwickshire, Scot. British statesman. A member of the House of Commons (1931-45 and 1950-51), he entered the House of Lords after inheriting the earldom of Home (1951). He served as minister of state for Scotland (1951-55), leader of the House of Lords (1957-60), and foreign secretary (1960-63) before succeeding Harold Macmillan as prime minister in 1963, relinquishing his hereditary titles. He was unable to improve the British balance-of-payments situation and antagonized Conservatives by supporting legislation against price-fixing, but gained U.S. approval as a result of his anti-Communism. After his government fell in 1964, he became Conservative opposition spokesman on foreign affairs and later again foreign secretary (1970-74). In 1974 he was created a life peer
Baron Lawrence: later Baron Lawrence (of the Punjab and of Grately) born March 4, 1811, Richmond, Yorkshire, Eng. died June 27, 1879, London British viceroy and governor-general of India (1864-69). He worked in Delhi as an assistant judge, magistrate, and tax collector. After the First Sikh War (1845-46) he was made commissioner of the newly annexed district of Jullundur, where he subdued the hill chiefs, established courts and police posts, and curbed female infanticide and suttee. On the Punjab board of administration he abolished internal duties, introduced a uniform currency, and encouraged road and canal construction. As viceroy and governor-general from 1864, he promoted increased educational opportunities for Indians but resisted their appointment to high civil-service posts. He avoided entanglements in the affairs of Arabia, the Persian Gulf, and Afghanistan
Baron Lawrence of the Punjab and of Grately: later Baron Lawrence (of the Punjab and of Grately) born March 4, 1811, Richmond, Yorkshire, Eng. died June 27, 1879, London British viceroy and governor-general of India (1864-69). He worked in Delhi as an assistant judge, magistrate, and tax collector. After the First Sikh War (1845-46) he was made commissioner of the newly annexed district of Jullundur, where he subdued the hill chiefs, established courts and police posts, and curbed female infanticide and suttee. On the Punjab board of administration he abolished internal duties, introduced a uniform currency, and encouraged road and canal construction. As viceroy and governor-general from 1864, he promoted increased educational opportunities for Indians but resisted their appointment to high civil-service posts. He avoided entanglements in the affairs of Arabia, the Persian Gulf, and Afghanistan
Baron Lister: {i} Joseph Lister (1827-1912), English surgeon and medical scientist who showed (in 1865) that carbolic acid was an efficient antiseptic and antibacterial substance
Baron Lister: later Baron Lister (of Lyme Regis) born April 5, 1827, Upton, Essex, Eng. died Feb. 10, 1912, Walmer, Kent British surgeon and medical scientist. He received a medical degree from Oxford in 1852 and became an assistant to James Syme, the greatest surgical teacher of the day. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, where he observed that 45-50% of amputation patients died from sepsis (infection). Initially he theorized that airborne dust might cause sepsis, but in 1865 he learned of Louis Pasteur's theory that microorganisms cause infection. Using phenol as an antiseptic, Lister reduced mortality in his ward to 15% within four years. Most surgeons were unconvinced until a widely publicized operation under antiseptic conditions was successful. By the time of his retirement in 1893, he had seen his principle accepted almost universally. He is regarded as the founder of antiseptic medicine
Baron Lister of Lyme Regis: later Baron Lister (of Lyme Regis) born April 5, 1827, Upton, Essex, Eng. died Feb. 10, 1912, Walmer, Kent British surgeon and medical scientist. He received a medical degree from Oxford in 1852 and became an assistant to James Syme, the greatest surgical teacher of the day. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, where he observed that 45-50% of amputation patients died from sepsis (infection). Initially he theorized that airborne dust might cause sepsis, but in 1865 he learned of Louis Pasteur's theory that microorganisms cause infection. Using phenol as an antiseptic, Lister reduced mortality in his ward to 15% within four years. Most surgeons were unconvinced until a widely publicized operation under antiseptic conditions was successful. By the time of his retirement in 1893, he had seen his principle accepted almost universally. He is regarded as the founder of antiseptic medicine
Baron Lugard: later Baron Lugard (of Abinger) born Jan. 22, 1858, Fort St. George, Madras, India died April 11, 1945, Abinger, Surrey, Eng. British colonial administrator. In Nigeria he served as high commissioner (1900-06) and governor and governor-general (1912-19). He fought as an officer in British campaigns in Asia and North Africa before accepting posts with the British East Africa Company, the Royal Niger Company, and other private enterprises. He succeeded, in advance of the French, in establishing trade routes centred at Buganda, the Middle Niger, and Bechuanaland. As the chief government administrator in Nigeria, he united the disparate northern and southern districts and greatly influenced British colonial policy by exercising control centrally through native rulers and respecting native legal systems and customs
Baron Lugard of Abinger: later Baron Lugard (of Abinger) born Jan. 22, 1858, Fort St. George, Madras, India died April 11, 1945, Abinger, Surrey, Eng. British colonial administrator. In Nigeria he served as high commissioner (1900-06) and governor and governor-general (1912-19). He fought as an officer in British campaigns in Asia and North Africa before accepting posts with the British East Africa Company, the Royal Niger Company, and other private enterprises. He succeeded, in advance of the French, in establishing trade routes centred at Buganda, the Middle Niger, and Bechuanaland. As the chief government administrator in Nigeria, he united the disparate northern and southern districts and greatly influenced British colonial policy by exercising control centrally through native rulers and respecting native legal systems and customs
Baron Moynihan: later Baron Moynihan (of Leeds) born Oct. 2, 1865, Malta died Sept. 7, 1936, Carr Manor, Leeds, Yorkshire, Eng. British surgeon and teacher of medicine. He wrote or cowrote authoritative monographs on surgery to treat diseases of various abdominal organs, as well as Abdominal Operations (1905), a standard text for two decades, and Duodenal Ulcer (1910), which secured his reputation as a clinical scientist. He stressed obtaining medical evidence from living bodies on the operating table rather than from autopsies. He helped found the British Journal of Surgery (1913) and organizations to promote nationwide and international communication among surgeons and specialists. He was raised to the peerage in 1929
Baron Moynihan of Leeds: later Baron Moynihan (of Leeds) born Oct. 2, 1865, Malta died Sept. 7, 1936, Carr Manor, Leeds, Yorkshire, Eng. British surgeon and teacher of medicine. He wrote or cowrote authoritative monographs on surgery to treat diseases of various abdominal organs, as well as Abdominal Operations (1905), a standard text for two decades, and Duodenal Ulcer (1910), which secured his reputation as a clinical scientist. He stressed obtaining medical evidence from living bodies on the operating table rather than from autopsies. He helped found the British Journal of Surgery (1913) and organizations to promote nationwide and international communication among surgeons and specialists. He was raised to the peerage in 1929
Baron Rothschild: European Jewish banker and philanthropist
Baron Snow: later Baron Snow (of the City of Leicester) born Oct. 15, 1905, Leicester, Leicestershire, Eng. died July 1, 1980, London British novelist, scientist, and government administrator. Snow was a molecular physicist at the University of Cambridge for some 20 years and served as a scientific adviser to the British government. His 11-novel sequence Strangers and Brothers (1940-70), which analyzes bureaucratic man and the corrupting influence of power, includes The Masters (1951), The New Men (1954), and Corridors of Power (1964). The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (1959) and later nonfiction works deal with the cultural separation between practitioners of science and literature
Baron Snow of the City of Leicester: later Baron Snow (of the City of Leicester) born Oct. 15, 1905, Leicester, Leicestershire, Eng. died July 1, 1980, London British novelist, scientist, and government administrator. Snow was a molecular physicist at the University of Cambridge for some 20 years and served as a scientific adviser to the British government. His 11-novel sequence Strangers and Brothers (1940-70), which analyzes bureaucratic man and the corrupting influence of power, includes The Masters (1951), The New Men (1954), and Corridors of Power (1964). The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (1959) and later nonfiction works deal with the cultural separation between practitioners of science and literature
Baron de Rothschild: European Jewish banker and philanthropist
Baron von Hardenberg Friedrich Leopold: orig. Friedrich Leopold, Baron von Hardenberg born May 2, 1772, Oberwiederstedt, Prussian Saxony died March 25, 1801, Weissenfels, Saxony German Romantic poet and theorist. Born into a noble family, he took his pseudonym from a former family name. He studied law and then mining and in 1799 became a mine inspector. His beautiful Hymns to the Night (1800) expresses his grief on the death of his young fiancée. In his last years before his own death from tuberculosis at age 28, he drafted a philosophical system based on idealism and produced his most significant poetic work. His mythical romance Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1802) describes a young poet's mystical and romantic searchings
Baron von Reuter: {i} Paul Julius Reuter (1816-1899), German-born English journalist and founder of Reuters news agency
Baron von Richthofen: a German aircraft pilot known as the Red Baron, who commanded a group of fighter planes in World War I known as Richthofen's Flying Circus. He shot down 80 aircraft during the war, which was more than any other pilot, before being killed (1892-1918)
Baron von Steuben, Frederick William: born Sept. 17, 1730, Magdeburg, Prussia died Nov. 28, 1794, near Remsen, N.Y., U.S. German-born American Revolutionary officer. He joined the Prussian army at 16 and was a captain in the Seven Years' War. After the war he retired from the army and became court chamberlain for the prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen; at some unknown date he apparently was created a baron. Recommended to George Washington, he arrived in America in 1777. Appointed to train the Continental forces at Valley Forge, Pa., he produced a disciplined fighting force that became the model for the entire Continental Army. He was appointed inspector general of the army and was promoted to major general (1778), and he helped command the Siege of Yorktown
Baron von Steuben, Frederick William Augustus: born Sept. 17, 1730, Magdeburg, Prussia died Nov. 28, 1794, near Remsen, N.Y., U.S. German-born American Revolutionary officer. He joined the Prussian army at 16 and was a captain in the Seven Years' War. After the war he retired from the army and became court chamberlain for the prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen; at some unknown date he apparently was created a baron. Recommended to George Washington, he arrived in America in 1777. Appointed to train the Continental forces at Valley Forge, Pa., he produced a disciplined fighting force that became the model for the entire Continental Army. He was appointed inspector general of the army and was promoted to major general (1778), and he helped command the Siege of Yorktown
Red Baron: A hotshot fighter pilot with many air-to-air kills
He's another Red Baron.
Red Baron: An equivalent of the Red Baron, ace fighter pilot
Billy Bishop was the Canadian Red Baron.
beer baron: Somebody who organises the illegal production and sale of beer during a time of Prohibition
court baron: A form of manorial court that administered the common law for free tenants
rix-baron: A baron of the German Empire.The Oxford English Dictionary (2007)
Thou knowest him well, The proud Rix-baron.
robber baron: Especially in the 19th-century and early 20th-century, a business tycoon who had great wealth and influence but whose methods were morally questionable
An early operator in the field, Ivy Lee, is reported to have changed the image of John D. Rockefeller from robber baron to philanthropic old gentleman who loved to play golf and hand out shiny coins to children.
robber baron: In Europe, an aristocrat who charged exorbitant fees or otherwise exacted money from people who journeyed across land or waterways which he controlled
Men who made it a custom to travel the trail to Dawson, likened him to a robber baron, perched in his fortress and exacting toll from the caravans that used his ill-kept roads.
robber-baron: Alternative spelling of robber baron
1st Baron Lytton: later 1st Baron Lytton (of Knebworth) born May 25, 1803, London, Eng. died Jan. 18, 1873, Torquay, Devonshire British politician, novelist, and poet. His first novel, Pelham, was published in 1828. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1831, retired in 1841, and returned in 1852 as a Tory. In the interim he wrote his long historical novels, including The Last Days of Pompeii, 3 vol. (1834), and Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings (1848). He was created a peer in 1866. The opening to his 1830 novel Paul Clifford ("It was a dark and stormy night...") led to an annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Prize, in which entrants vie to create the most overwritten first sentence to a hypothetical novel
1st Baron Lytton of Knebworth: later 1st Baron Lytton (of Knebworth) born May 25, 1803, London, Eng. died Jan. 18, 1873, Torquay, Devonshire British politician, novelist, and poet. His first novel, Pelham, was published in 1828. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1831, retired in 1841, and returned in 1852 as a Tory. In the interim he wrote his long historical novels, including The Last Days of Pompeii, 3 vol. (1834), and Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings (1848). He was created a peer in 1866. The opening to his 1830 novel Paul Clifford ("It was a dark and stormy night...") led to an annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Prize, in which entrants vie to create the most overwritten first sentence to a hypothetical novel
Alexander baron von Bach: born Jan. 4, 1813 died 1893 Austrian politician noted for instituting a system of centralized control. He served as minister of the interior (1849-59); after the death of Felix, prince zu Schwarzenberg in 1852, he largely dictated policy in the regime. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed reactionary policies that reduced freedom of the press and abandoned public trials
Alfred 1st Baron Tennyson Tennyson: known as Alfred, Lord Tennyson born Aug. 6, 1809, Somersby, Lincolnshire, Eng. died Oct. 6, 1892, Aldworth, Surrey English poet, the leading poet of the Victorian age. While attending Cambridge University, Tennyson developed a deep friendship with Arthur Hallam. His reputation as a poet increased at Cambridge, and he published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830). Another volume, including "The Lotos-Eaters" and "The Lady of Shalott," was published in 1832 (dated 1833). Hallam's sudden death in 1833 prompted Tennyson to write poems that eventually became part of the vast In Memoriam (1850) and lyrics that later appeared in the brooding Maud (1855), his favourite poem. Poems (1842), including "Ulysses," "Morte d'Arthur," and "Locksley Hall," followed, then The Princess (1847), a long antifeminist fantasia that includes such lyrics as "Sweet and Low" and "Tears, Idle Tears." In 1850 he married; that year he was also named poet laureate of England. Among his subsequent works are "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1855); Idylls of the King (1859), treating the Arthurian legend; and Enoch Arden (1864). A consummate poet who was inclined to melancholy, Tennyson was also regarded as a spokesman for the educated English middle class. His works often dealt with the difficulties of an age when traditional assumptions were increasingly called into question by science and modern progress
Alfred 1st Baron Tennyson of Aldworth and Freshwater Tennyson: known as Alfred, Lord Tennyson born Aug. 6, 1809, Somersby, Lincolnshire, Eng. died Oct. 6, 1892, Aldworth, Surrey English poet, the leading poet of the Victorian age. While attending Cambridge University, Tennyson developed a deep friendship with Arthur Hallam. His reputation as a poet increased at Cambridge, and he published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830). Another volume, including "The Lotos-Eaters" and "The Lady of Shalott," was published in 1832 (dated 1833). Hallam's sudden death in 1833 prompted Tennyson to write poems that eventually became part of the vast In Memoriam (1850) and lyrics that later appeared in the brooding Maud (1855), his favourite poem. Poems (1842), including "Ulysses," "Morte d'Arthur," and "Locksley Hall," followed, then The Princess (1847), a long antifeminist fantasia that includes such lyrics as "Sweet and Low" and "Tears, Idle Tears." In 1850 he married; that year he was also named poet laureate of England. Among his subsequent works are "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1855); Idylls of the King (1859), treating the Arthurian legend; and Enoch Arden (1864). A consummate poet who was inclined to melancholy, Tennyson was also regarded as a spokesman for the educated English middle class. His works often dealt with the difficulties of an age when traditional assumptions were increasingly called into question by science and modern progress
Anne-Robert-Jacques baron de l'Aulne Turgot: born , May 10, 1727, Paris, France died March 18, 1781, Paris French administrator and economist. He entered the royal administrative branch of the magistracy in 1753, then became intendant (governor) of Limoges (1761-74), where he instituted economic and administrative reforms. A physiocrat, in 1766 he wrote his best-known work, Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth. In 1774 he was appointed comptroller general by Louis XVI and introduced his Six Edicts to expand economic reforms. His effort to abolish the corvée (unpaid forced labour by peasants) was opposed by the privileged classes, and he was dismissed in 1776
Antoine- Henri baron de Jomini: born March 6, 1779, Payerne, Switz. died March 24, 1869, Passey, France Swiss-French general and military theorist. After a volunteer stint with the French army (1798-1800), he wrote his Treatise on Grand Military Operations, 5 vol. (1805). He was appointed staff colonel in 1805 by Napoleon I, who had read his book. He was created a baron after the Treaties of Tilsit (1807). He rose to the post of chief of staff, but unjust treatment by his superiors prompted him to resign (1813), and thereafter he fought for France's enemy, Russia. Of his numerous later works on military history and strategy, the best known are Principles of Strategy (1818) and Summary of the Art of War (1838). He was the first to fix divisions between strategy, tactics, and logistics, and his systematic attempt to define the principles of warfare made him a founder of modern military thought
Arthur William Tedder 1st Baron Tedder: born July 11, 1890, Glenguin, Stirling, Scot. died June 3, 1967, Banstead, Surrey, Eng. British air marshal. He joined the British army in 1913, transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1916, and after World War I commanded a branch of the Royal Air Force (RAF). As head of the RAF Middle East Command in World War II, he commanded Allied air operations in North Africa and Italy, and in 1944 he was appointed head of Allied air operations in western Europe. His policy of bombing German communications and providing close air support of ground operations contributed significantly to the success of the Normandy Campaign and the Allied advance into Germany. He later became the first peacetime chief of the air staff (1946-50)
Arthur William Tedder 1st Baron Tedder of Glenguin: born July 11, 1890, Glenguin, Stirling, Scot. died June 3, 1967, Banstead, Surrey, Eng. British air marshal. He joined the British army in 1913, transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1916, and after World War I commanded a branch of the Royal Air Force (RAF). As head of the RAF Middle East Command in World War II, he commanded Allied air operations in North Africa and Italy, and in 1944 he was appointed head of Allied air operations in western Europe. His policy of bombing German communications and providing close air support of ground operations contributed significantly to the success of the Normandy Campaign and the Allied advance into Germany. He later became the first peacetime chief of the air staff (1946-50)
Augustin-Louis Baron Cauchy: born Aug. 21, 1789, Paris, France died May 23, 1857, Sceaux French mathematician, pioneer of analysis and group theory. After a career as a military engineer in Napoleon's navy, he wrote a treatise in 1813 that became the basis of the theory of complex variables. He also clarified the theory of calculus by developing the concepts of limits and continuity, laid the foundations for the mathematical theory of elasticity, and made important contributions to number theory. He is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the modern era
Benjamin Britten Baron Britten of Aldeburgh: born Nov. 22, 1913, Lowestoft, Suffolk, Eng. died Dec. 4, 1976, Aldeburgh, Suffolk British composer. He studied at the Royal College of Music, where he met the tenor Peter Pears (1910-86), who would become his lifelong companion. His auspicious Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937), for string orchestra, won him international acclaim. In 1945 his opera Peter Grimes established him as a leading opera composer. In 1948 he cofounded the Aldeburgh Festival, which became one of the most important English music festivals and the centre of Britten's musical activities. His operas include The Rape of Lucretia (1946), The Turn of the Screw (1954), and Death in Venice (1973); they are admired for their skillful setting of English words and their orchestral interludes, as well as for their dramatic aptness and depth of psychological characterization. His large choral work War Requiem (1961) was greatly acclaimed. His best-known orchestral piece is The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946). In 1976 he became the first British composer in history to be ennobled
Bernard Cyril Freyberg 1st Baron Freyberg: born March 21, 1889, Richmond, Surrey, Eng. died July 4, 1963, Windsor, Berkshire New Zealand military leader. He emigrated from Britain to New Zealand with his parents in 1891. He fought in many of the fiercest battles of World War I and at age 27 became the youngest brigadier general in the British army. He was commander in chief of New Zealand forces in World War II. After the war he served as governor-general of New Zealand (1946-52). In 1951 he was created a baron
Bernard Cyril Freyberg 1st Baron Freyberg of Wellington and of Munstead: born March 21, 1889, Richmond, Surrey, Eng. died July 4, 1963, Windsor, Berkshire New Zealand military leader. He emigrated from Britain to New Zealand with his parents in 1891. He fought in many of the fiercest battles of World War I and at age 27 became the youngest brigadier general in the British army. He was commander in chief of New Zealand forces in World War II. After the war he served as governor-general of New Zealand (1946-52). In 1951 he was created a baron
Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu: born Jan. 18, 1689, Château La Brède, near Bordeaux, France died Feb. 10, 1755, Paris French philosophe and satirist. Born into a noble family, he held public office in Bordeaux from 1714. His satirical Persian Letters (1721) was hugely successful. From 1726 he traveled widely to study social and political institutions. His magnum opus, the enormous The Spirit of the Laws (1750), contained an original classification of governments by their manner of conducting policy, an argument for the separation of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and a celebrated but less influential theory of the political influence of climate. The work profoundly influenced European and American political thought and was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. His other works include Causes of the Greatness and Decadence of the Romans (1734)
Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de Montesquieu: born Jan. 18, 1689, Château La Brède, near Bordeaux, France died Feb. 10, 1755, Paris French philosophe and satirist. Born into a noble family, he held public office in Bordeaux from 1714. His satirical Persian Letters (1721) was hugely successful. From 1726 he traveled widely to study social and political institutions. His magnum opus, the enormous The Spirit of the Laws (1750), contained an original classification of governments by their manner of conducting policy, an argument for the separation of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and a celebrated but less influential theory of the political influence of climate. The work profoundly influenced European and American political thought and was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. His other works include Causes of the Greatness and Decadence of the Romans (1734)
Christian Freiherr baron von Wolff: born Jan. 24, 1679, Breslau, Silesia died April 9, 1754, Halle, Prussia German philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. He was educated at the universities of Breslau, Jena, and Leipzig and was a pupil of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He wrote numerous works in theology, psychology, botany, and physics but is best known as a leading spokesman of German rationalism. His series of essays, all beginning under the title Rational Ideas, covered many subjects and expounded Leibniz's theories in popular form
Clemens baron von Pirquet: born May 12, 1874, Vienna, Austria died Feb. 28, 1929, Vienna Austrian physician. In 1906 he noticed that patients who received two injections of horse serum or smallpox vaccine usually had quicker, more severe reactions (which he called "allergies") to the second injection. While studying cowpox vaccination symptoms, he also developed a new theory about infectious diseases' incubation times and about antibody formation. In the Pirquet test, a drop of tuberculin is scratched into the skin; a red, raised area developing at the site (Pirquet reaction) indicates tuberculosis
Devora Baron: (1887-1956) writer who was born in Belorussia to a rabbinical family and started writing at a very young age (she immigrated to Israel in 1911)
Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten of Aldeburgh: born Nov. 22, 1913, Lowestoft, Suffolk, Eng. died Dec. 4, 1976, Aldeburgh, Suffolk British composer. He studied at the Royal College of Music, where he met the tenor Peter Pears (1910-86), who would become his lifelong companion. His auspicious Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937), for string orchestra, won him international acclaim. In 1945 his opera Peter Grimes established him as a leading opera composer. In 1948 he cofounded the Aldeburgh Festival, which became one of the most important English music festivals and the centre of Britten's musical activities. His operas include The Rape of Lucretia (1946), The Turn of the Screw (1954), and Death in Venice (1973); they are admired for their skillful setting of English words and their orchestral interludes, as well as for their dramatic aptness and depth of psychological characterization. His large choral work War Requiem (1961) was greatly acclaimed. His best-known orchestral piece is The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946). In 1976 he became the first British composer in history to be ennobled
Edward Henry Baron Carson: born Feb. 9, 1854, Dublin, Ire. died Oct. 22, 1935, Minster, Kent, Eng. Irish lawyer and politician. In 1892 he was elected to the British House of Commons and was appointed Irish solicitor general. He served as British solicitor general (1900-05), attorney general (1915), first lord of the Admiralty (1916-17), and lord of appeal (1921-29). Known as the "uncrowned king of Ulster," he successfully led Northern Irish resistance to the British government's attempts to introduce Home Rule for all of Ireland
Edward Henry Baron Carson of Duncairn: born Feb. 9, 1854, Dublin, Ire. died Oct. 22, 1935, Minster, Kent, Eng. Irish lawyer and politician. In 1892 he was elected to the British House of Commons and was appointed Irish solicitor general. He served as British solicitor general (1900-05), attorney general (1915), first lord of the Admiralty (1916-17), and lord of appeal (1921-29). Known as the "uncrowned king of Ulster," he successfully led Northern Irish resistance to the British government's attempts to introduce Home Rule for all of Ireland
Ernest Rutherford Baron Rutherford of Nelson: born Aug. 30, 1871, Spring Grove, N.Z. died Oct. 19, 1937, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. New Zealand-born British physicist. After studies at Canterbury College, he moved to Britain to attend Cambridge University, where he worked with J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory. He would later teach at McGill University in Montreal (1898-1907) and Victoria University in Manchester (1907-19) before becoming chair of the Cavendish Laboratory (from 1919). At the laboratory in the years 1895-97 he discovered and named two types of radioactivity, alpha decay and beta decay. He later identified the alpha particle as a helium atom and used it in postulating the existence of the atomic nucleus. With Frederick Soddy he formulated the transformation theory of radioactivity (1902). In 1919 he became the first person to disintegrate an element artificially, and in 1920 he hypothesized the existence of the neutron. His work contributed greatly to understanding the disintegration and transmutation of radioactive elements and became fundamental to much of 20th-century physics. In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. He was knighted in 1914 and ennobled in 1931. Element 104, rutherfordium, is named in his honour
FitzRoy James Henry Somerset 1st Baron Raglan: born Sept. 30, 1788, Badminton, Gloucestershire, Eng. died June 28, 1855, near Sevastopol, Crimea, Russia English army officer. He served as aide and, later, military secretary to the duke of Wellington. Appointed commander in chief of British forces in the Crimean War (1854), he gave an ambiguous order in the Battle of Balaklava that led to the disastrous charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade under the earl of Cardigan. Raglan became the scapegoat for the campaign's lack of progress and the inadequate supplies to the troops in the winter of 1854-55. His name was applied to the raglan sleeve, probably designed to adapt his coat to the arm he had amputated after the Battle of Waterloo
FitzRoy James Henry Somerset 1st Baron Raglan of Raglan: born Sept. 30, 1788, Badminton, Gloucestershire, Eng. died June 28, 1855, near Sevastopol, Crimea, Russia English army officer. He served as aide and, later, military secretary to the duke of Wellington. Appointed commander in chief of British forces in the Crimean War (1854), he gave an ambiguous order in the Battle of Balaklava that led to the disastrous charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade under the earl of Cardigan. Raglan became the scapegoat for the campaign's lack of progress and the inadequate supplies to the troops in the winter of 1854-55. His name was applied to the raglan sleeve, probably designed to adapt his coat to the arm he had amputated after the Battle of Waterloo
Francisco Luis Hector baron de Carondelet: born 1748, Noyelles, Flanders died Aug. 10, 1807, Quito, Viceroyalty of New Granada Spanish governor of the territory of Louisiana and western Florida (1791-97). When he arrived in New Orleans, he formed alliances with local Indian tribes to defend disputed territory north of the 31st parallel of latitude against U.S. settlers. He negotiated with Gen. James Wilkinson to effect the secession of the trans-Appalachian territories from the U.S. and to secure their alliance with Spain. These efforts were terminated in 1795 with the signing of Pinckney's Treaty (see Thomas Pinckney). Carondelet was recalled in 1797 and went to South America to become governor-general of Quito
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr baron von Humboldt: born Sept. 14, 1769, Berlin, Prussia died May 6, 1859, Berlin German naturalist and explorer. In 1792 he joined the mining department of the Prussian government, where he invented a safety lamp and established a technical school for miners. From 1799 he explored Central and South America, traveling in the Amazon jungles and the Andean highlands. During these journeys he discovered the connection between the Amazon and Orinoco river systems and surmised that altitude sickness was caused by lack of oxygen. He studied the oceanic current off the western coast of South America; it became known as the Humboldt Current (now the Peru Current). He returned to Europe in 1804. His research helped lay the foundation for comparative climatology, drew a connection between a region's geography and its flora and fauna, and added to an understanding of the development of the Earth's crust. In Paris he used his financial resources to help Louis Agassiz and others launch careers. In 1829 he traveled to Russia and Siberia and made geographic, geologic, and meteorologic observations of Central Asia. During the 1830s he investigated magnetic storms. The last 25 years of his life were spent writing Kosmos, an account of the structure of the universe as then known
George Byron 6th Baron Byron: known as Lord Byron born Jan. 22, 1788, London, Eng. died April 19, 1824, Missolonghi, Greece British Romantic poet and satirist. Born with a clubfoot and extremely sensitive about it, he was 10 when he unexpectedly inherited his title and estates. Educated at Cambridge, he gained recognition with English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809), a satire responding to a critical review of his first published volume, Hours of Idleness (1807). At 21 he embarked on a European grand tour. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18), a poetic travelogue expressing melancholy and disillusionment, brought him fame, while his complex personality, dashing good looks, and many scandalous love affairs, with women and with boys, captured the imagination of Europe. Settling near Geneva, he wrote the verse tale The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), a hymn to liberty and an indictment of tyranny, and Manfred (1817), a poetic drama whose hero reflected Byron's own guilt and frustration. His greatest poem, Don Juan (1819-24), is an unfinished epic picaresque satire in ottava rima. Among his numerous other works are verse tales and poetic dramas. He died of fever in Greece while aiding the struggle for independence, making him a Greek national hero
George Calvert 1st Baron Baltimore: born 1578/79, Kipling, Yorkshire, Eng. died April 15, 1632 English colonialist. He served in the House of Commons from 1621; charged with communicating the policy of James I, he was distrusted by Parliament. After declaring himself a Roman Catholic (1625), he gave up his office and was created Baron Baltimore, receiving land grants in Ireland. To assure the prosperity of his New World holdings, he took his family to his Newfoundland colony in 1628. Because of conflict over his Catholicism and the severe climate, he petitioned Charles I for a land grant in the Chesapeake Bay area. He died before the charter was granted, and his son Cecil became proprietor of the colony of Maryland
George Calvert 1st Baron Baltimore of Baltimore: born 1578/79, Kipling, Yorkshire, Eng. died April 15, 1632 English colonialist. He served in the House of Commons from 1621; charged with communicating the policy of James I, he was distrusted by Parliament. After declaring himself a Roman Catholic (1625), he gave up his office and was created Baron Baltimore, receiving land grants in Ireland. To assure the prosperity of his New World holdings, he took his family to his Newfoundland colony in 1628. Because of conflict over his Catholicism and the severe climate, he petitioned Charles I for a land grant in the Chesapeake Bay area. He died before the charter was granted, and his son Cecil became proprietor of the colony of Maryland
George Gordon Byron 6th Baron Byron: known as Lord Byron born Jan. 22, 1788, London, Eng. died April 19, 1824, Missolonghi, Greece British Romantic poet and satirist. Born with a clubfoot and extremely sensitive about it, he was 10 when he unexpectedly inherited his title and estates. Educated at Cambridge, he gained recognition with English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809), a satire responding to a critical review of his first published volume, Hours of Idleness (1807). At 21 he embarked on a European grand tour. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18), a poetic travelogue expressing melancholy and disillusionment, brought him fame, while his complex personality, dashing good looks, and many scandalous love affairs, with women and with boys, captured the imagination of Europe. Settling near Geneva, he wrote the verse tale The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), a hymn to liberty and an indictment of tyranny, and Manfred (1817), a poetic drama whose hero reflected Byron's own guilt and frustration. His greatest poem, Don Juan (1819-24), is an unfinished epic picaresque satire in ottava rima. Among his numerous other works are verse tales and poetic dramas. He died of fever in Greece while aiding the struggle for independence, making him a Greek national hero. born Dec. 26, 1751, London, Eng. died Nov. 1, 1793, London English instigator of the anti-Catholic Gordon riots. The third son of the duke of Gordon, he entered Parliament in 1774. In 1779 he organized the Protestant associations formed to secure the repeal of the Catholic Relief Act (1778). In 1780 he led a mob to Parliament to present a petition against the act. The ensuing riot lasted a week, causing great property damage and nearly 500 casualties. Gordon was charged with, but not convicted of, high treason. Convicted of libeling the queen of France in 1787, he was imprisoned in Newgate, where he died
Georges Baron Cuvier: born Aug. 23, 1769, Montbéliard, France died May 13, 1832, Paris French zoologist and statesman who established the sciences of comparative anatomy and paleontology. As a staff member at the Museum of Natural History in Paris, he published Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation (1817), which described his "correlation of parts" theory, in which every animal organ is functionally related to all the other organs and that an animal's functions and habits determine its anatomic form. Cuvier's classification of all animals into four completely discrete groups was a significant advance over the system of Carolus Linnaeus. He applied his functional concept to the study of fossils, postulating that huge land upheavals and floods were the principal factor in the creation and destruction of species. Though the theory did not last, Cuvier's work put paleontology on a firm empirical foundation. As Napoleon's inspector of public instruction, he helped establish France's provincial universities, and he also served as chancellor of the University of Paris
Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr baron von Leibniz Leibniz: born July 1, 1646, Leipzig, Saxony died Nov. 14, 1716, Hannover, Hanover German philosopher, mathematician, inventor, jurist, historian, diplomat, and political adviser. He obtained a doctorate in law at age
Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr baron von Leibniz Leibniz: In 1667 he began working for the elector of Mainz, in which position he codified the laws of the city, among other important tasks. He served the dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg as librarian and councillor (1676-1716). In 1700 he helped found the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin and became its first president. Though he wrote voluminously, he published little during his lifetime. In metaphysics he is known for his doctrine of the monad, according to which reality is ultimately constituted of simple substances (monads), each consisting of nothing but perception and appetite. Though each state of a monad is the cause of its succeeding state and the effect of its preceding one, there are no causal relations between monads; the appearance of causal relations between substances is accounted for by the supposition of a "pre-established harmony" between the perceptual states of different monads. His principle of the identity of indiscernibles states that an individual x and an individual y are identical if and only if they share all the same intrinsic, non-relational properties. His Theodicy (1710) sought to reconcile the goodness of God with the existence of evil in the world by asserting that only God is perfect and that the actual world is the "best of all possible worlds." This view was famously mocked by Voltaire in his comic novel Candide. In mathematics, Leibniz explored the idea of a universal mathematical-logical language based on the binary number system (De arte combinatoria [1666]), though all the calculating devices that he later built used the decimal system. He discovered the fundamental theorem of calculus independently of Isaac Newton; the acrimonious dispute over priority left England mathematically backward for more than a generation before Leibniz's superior notation and methods were adopted. He also made important contributions to optics and mechanics. He is considered the last great polymath of Western civilization
Guy Carleton 1st Baron Dorchester: born Sept. 3, 1724, Strabane, County Tyrone, Ire. died Nov. 10, 1808, Stubbings, Berkshire, Eng. Irish soldier-statesman. In 1759 he was sent to Canada, where he fought in the Battle of Quebec. He served as lieutenant governor (1766-68) and governor (1768-78) of Quebec province. His conciliatory policies toward the French Canadians led to passage of the Quebec Act of 1774. He helped repel the attack on Quebec by American Revolutionary forces in 1775. He was appointed commander of British forces in North America in 1782 and then governor in chief of British North America (1786-96)
Guy Carleton 1st Baron Dorchester of Dorchester: born Sept. 3, 1724, Strabane, County Tyrone, Ire. died Nov. 10, 1808, Stubbings, Berkshire, Eng. Irish soldier-statesman. In 1759 he was sent to Canada, where he fought in the Battle of Quebec. He served as lieutenant governor (1766-68) and governor (1768-78) of Quebec province. His conciliatory policies toward the French Canadians led to passage of the Quebec Act of 1774. He helped repel the attack on Quebec by American Revolutionary forces in 1775. He was appointed commander of British forces in North America in 1782 and then governor in chief of British North America (1786-96)
Hans baron von Bülow: born Jan. 8, 1830, Dresden, Saxony died Feb. 12, 1894, Cairo, Egypt German conductor and pianist. He studied piano with Clara Schumann's father. His meetings with the composers Franz Liszt (1849) and Richard Wagner (1850) led to his decision to give up law for music, and with their help he launched a renowned career as conductor and pianist, studying with Liszt from 1851 and marrying his daughter Cosima in 1857. He was appointed court conductor to Louis II and later director of the Munich Conservatory. He conducted the premieres of Wagner's operas Tristan und Isolde (1859) and Die Meistersinger (1868). Cosima abandoned von Bülow for Wagner, whom she married in 1870; nonetheless, von Bülow continued to promote Wagner's music. He was one of the first conductors to conduct from memory; his interpretations were noted for their integrity and emotional power
Hans Guido baron von Bülow: born Jan. 8, 1830, Dresden, Saxony died Feb. 12, 1894, Cairo, Egypt German conductor and pianist. He studied piano with Clara Schumann's father. His meetings with the composers Franz Liszt (1849) and Richard Wagner (1850) led to his decision to give up law for music, and with their help he launched a renowned career as conductor and pianist, studying with Liszt from 1851 and marrying his daughter Cosima in 1857. He was appointed court conductor to Louis II and later director of the Munich Conservatory. He conducted the premieres of Wagner's operas Tristan und Isolde (1859) and Die Meistersinger (1868). Cosima abandoned von Bülow for Wagner, whom she married in 1870; nonetheless, von Bülow continued to promote Wagner's music. He was one of the first conductors to conduct from memory; his interpretations were noted for their integrity and emotional power
Harold Baron Wilson Wilson: born March 11, 1916, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, Eng. died May 24, 1995, London British politician and prime minister (1964-70, 1974-76). The son of an industrial chemist, he was educated at the University of Oxford, where he collaborated with William H. Beveridge on work that led to the latter's 1942 report. In World War II he was drafted into the civil service and produced a study of the mining industry. His book New Deal for Coal (1945) was the basis for the Labour Party's plan to nationalize the coal mines. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1945 and appointed president of the Board of Trade (1947-51). Elected leader of the Labour Party in 1963, he became prime minister in 1964. He widened the party's voting majority in 1966 but his popularity declined in the late 1960s, partly because of his assumption of direct responsibility for the economy shortly before the pound was devalued in 1967. In his second term, he confirmed Britain's membership in the European Economic Community (1975). He resigned unexpectedly in 1976 and was created a life peer in 1983
Hastings Lionel Ismay Baron Ismay: born June 21, 1887, Naini Tal, India died Dec. 17, 1965, Broadway, Worcestershire, Eng. British soldier. A career army officer, he served in India and Africa. As Winston Churchill's chief of staff (1940-46) and closest military adviser, he participated in most major policy decisions of the Allied powers during World War II, particularly in the decision to make Germany the Allies' first-priority target and in planning for the invasion of France in 1944. After the war he served as secretary-general of NATO (1952-57)
Hastings Lionel Ismay Baron Ismay of Wormington: born June 21, 1887, Naini Tal, India died Dec. 17, 1965, Broadway, Worcestershire, Eng. British soldier. A career army officer, he served in India and Africa. As Winston Churchill's chief of staff (1940-46) and closest military adviser, he participated in most major policy decisions of the Allied powers during World War II, particularly in the decision to make Germany the Allies' first-priority target and in planning for the invasion of France in 1944. After the war he served as secretary-general of NATO (1952-57)
Hector baron de Carondelet: born 1748, Noyelles, Flanders died Aug. 10, 1807, Quito, Viceroyalty of New Granada Spanish governor of the territory of Louisiana and western Florida (1791-97). When he arrived in New Orleans, he formed alliances with local Indian tribes to defend disputed territory north of the 31st parallel of latitude against U.S. settlers. He negotiated with Gen. James Wilkinson to effect the secession of the trans-Appalachian territories from the U.S. and to secure their alliance with Spain. These efforts were terminated in 1795 with the signing of Pinckney's Treaty (see Thomas Pinckney). Carondelet was recalled in 1797 and went to South America to become governor-general of Quito
Heinrich Friedrich Karl imperial baron vom und zum Stein: born Oct. 26, 1757, Nassau an der Lahn, Nassau died June 29, 1831, Schloss Cappenberg, Westphalia Prussian statesman. Born into the imperial nobility, he entered the civil service in 1780. As minister of economic affairs (1804-07) and chief minister (1807-08) to Frederick William III, he introduced wide-ranging reforms in administration, taxation, and the civil service that modernized the Prussian government. He abolished serfdom, reformed the laws on land ownership, and helped reorganize the military. Anticipating war with France, he was forced to resign under pressure from Napoleon (1808) and fled to Austria. As an adviser to Tsar Alexander I (1812-15), he negotiated the Russo-Prussian Treaty of Kalisz (1813) that formed the last European coalition against Napoleon
Henri baron de Jomini: born March 6, 1779, Payerne, Switz. died March 24, 1869, Passey, France Swiss-French general and military theorist. After a volunteer stint with the French army (1798-1800), he wrote his Treatise on Grand Military Operations, 5 vol. (1805). He was appointed staff colonel in 1805 by Napoleon I, who had read his book. He was created a baron after the Treaties of Tilsit (1807). He rose to the post of chief of staff, but unjust treatment by his superiors prompted him to resign (1813), and thereafter he fought for France's enemy, Russia. Of his numerous later works on military history and strategy, the best known are Principles of Strategy (1818) and Summary of the Art of War (1838). He was the first to fix divisions between strategy, tactics, and logistics, and his systematic attempt to define the principles of warfare made him a founder of modern military thought
Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron Holland: born Nov. 21, 1773, Winterslow, Wiltshire, Eng. died Oct. 22, 1840, London British Whig politician. He was the nephew and disciple of Charles James Fox, whose ideas he expounded in the House of Lords. As lord privy seal in George Grenville's "Ministry of All the Talents" coalition (1806-07), he helped secure the abolition of the slave trade in the British colonies. He later served as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1830-34, 1835-40)
Henry Richard Vassall Fox 3rd Baron Holland of Foxley and of Holland: born Nov. 21, 1773, Winterslow, Wiltshire, Eng. died Oct. 22, 1840, London British Whig politician. He was the nephew and disciple of Charles James Fox, whose ideas he expounded in the House of Lords. As lord privy seal in George Grenville's "Ministry of All the Talents" coalition (1806-07), he helped secure the abolition of the slave trade in the British colonies. He later served as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1830-34, 1835-40)
Howard Walter Baron Florey: born Sept. 24, 1898, Adelaide, S.Aus., Austl. died Feb. 21, 1968, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng. Australian pathologist. Educated in Britain and the U.S., Florey taught at the University of Oxford from 1935. Investigating tissue inflammation and secretion of mucous membranes, he succeeded in purifying lysozyme, a bacteria-destroying enzyme found in tears and saliva, and characterized the substances it acted on. He surveyed other naturally occurring antibacterial substances, concentrating on penicillin, which he, with Ernst Boris Chain, isolated and purified for general clinical use. The two demonstrated penicillin's curative properties in human studies and developed methods for producing it in quantity. In 1945 he shared a Nobel Prize with Chain and Alexander Fleming, and in 1965 he was created a life peer
J Arthur Baron Rank Rank: born Dec. 22/23, 1888, Hull, Yorkshire, Eng. died March 29, 1972, Winchester, Hampshire British motion-picture distributor and producer. His British National Film Co. made its first commercial picture in 1935. That year he and Charles Woolf established General Film Distributors to distribute Universal Pictures films in Britain. By 1941 Rank controlled two of the three largest movie theatre chains in Britain. The J. Arthur Rank Organisation (incorporated 1946) dominated British film production in the late 1940s and '50s. Rank served as chairman (1946-62) and president (1962-72) of the Rank Organisation, which shifted from filmmaking to hotel ownership and other more profitable enterprises in the late 1960s
James Baron Ensor: born April 13, 1860, Ostend, Belg. died Nov. 19, 1949, Ostend Belgian painter and printmaker. Trained in Brussels, he spent most of his life in his native Ostend. In 1883 he joined a group known as Les Vingt ("The Twenty") and began depicting skeletons, phantoms, masks, and other images of grotesque fantasy as social commentary. His work from this period has often been described as Symbolist. His Entry of Christ into Brussels (1888), painted in smeared, garish colours, provoked outrage. Continuing negative criticism plunged him ever deeper into cynicism until he finally became a recluse. The exhibition of Entry of Christ in 1929 led to his being ennobled by King Albert of Belgium. He was one of the formative influences on Expressionism
James Callaghan Baron Callaghan: born March 27, 1912, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng. British politician. A trade union official, he entered the House of Commons as a Labour Party member in 1945. He served in Labour governments as chancellor of the Exchequer (1964-67), home secretary (1967-70), and foreign secretary (1974-76) before becoming prime minister (1976-79). A moderate within his party, he tried to stem the vociferous demands of the trade unions. After a series of paralyzing labour strikes in 1978-79 (the so-called "Winter of Discontent"), his government was brought down by a parliamentary vote of no confidence. He was created a life peer in the House of Lords in 1987
James Harold Baron Wilson of Rievaulx Wilson: born March 11, 1916, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, Eng. died May 24, 1995, London British politician and prime minister (1964-70, 1974-76). The son of an industrial chemist, he was educated at the University of Oxford, where he collaborated with William H. Beveridge on work that led to the latter's 1942 report. In World War II he was drafted into the civil service and produced a study of the mining industry. His book New Deal for Coal (1945) was the basis for the Labour Party's plan to nationalize the coal mines. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1945 and appointed president of the Board of Trade (1947-51). Elected leader of the Labour Party in 1963, he became prime minister in 1964. He widened the party's voting majority in 1966 but his popularity declined in the late 1960s, partly because of his assumption of direct responsibility for the economy shortly before the pound was devalued in 1967. In his second term, he confirmed Britain's membership in the European Economic Community (1975). He resigned unexpectedly in 1976 and was created a life peer in 1983
James Sidney Baron Ensor: born April 13, 1860, Ostend, Belg. died Nov. 19, 1949, Ostend Belgian painter and printmaker. Trained in Brussels, he spent most of his life in his native Ostend. In 1883 he joined a group known as Les Vingt ("The Twenty") and began depicting skeletons, phantoms, masks, and other images of grotesque fantasy as social commentary. His work from this period has often been described as Symbolist. His Entry of Christ into Brussels (1888), painted in smeared, garish colours, provoked outrage. Continuing negative criticism plunged him ever deeper into cynicism until he finally became a recluse. The exhibition of Entry of Christ in 1929 led to his being ennobled by King Albert of Belgium. He was one of the formative influences on Expressionism
Jean-Baptiste- Joseph Baron Fourier: born March 21, 1768, Auxerre, France died May 16, 1830, Paris French mathematician and Egyptologist. While an engineer on Napoleon's Egyptian expedition, he conducted (1798-1801) anthropological investigations and wrote the preface to the monumental Description de l'Égypte, whose publication he oversaw (1809-28). In 1808 he was created a baron by Napoleon. In mathematics he is primarily known for his work in heat conduction (1807-22), for his use of the Fourier series to solve differential equations, and for the related concept of the Fourier transform. As a scientist and humanist, he epitomized the spirit of French intellectualism of the Revolutionary era
Jeffery Amherst 1st Baron Amherst: born Jan. 29, 1717, Sevenoaks, Kent, Eng. died Aug. 3, 1797, Sevenoaks British army commander. In the French and Indian War, he took the French fort at Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, in 1758 and was promoted to chief of command in America. In 1760 he directed the campaign that captured Quebec and Montreal, and in 1761 he quelled the Indian uprising under Pontiac. Having secured Canada for Britain, he remained there as governor-general until 1763. Returning to England, he served as commander in chief of the British army (1772-95), but his tenure was marred by failure in the war with the American colonies and by serious abuses in the army. He was created a baron in 1776 and a field marshal in 1796. Several U.S. towns and Amherst College are named for him
John Arbuthnot Fisher 1st Baron Fisher: born Jan. 25, 1841, Ceylon died July 10, 1920, London, Eng. British admiral and first sea lord. He entered the navy at 13 and saw combat in Crimea, China, and Egypt. Promoted to the Admiralty board in 1892, he became first sea lord in 1904. He reorganized and strengthened the British navy to counter the rapid expansion of the German navy, and his reforms and innovations including the conception of the battleship Dreadnought, which revolutionized naval construction ensured the Royal Navy's dominance in World War I. He retired in 1910; recalled in 1914 by Winston Churchill, he resigned the next year in protest against the Dardanelles Campaign
John Arbuthnot Fisher 1st Baron Fisher of Kilverstone: born Jan. 25, 1841, Ceylon died July 10, 1920, London, Eng. British admiral and first sea lord. He entered the navy at 13 and saw combat in Crimea, China, and Egypt. Promoted to the Admiralty board in 1892, he became first sea lord in 1904. He reorganized and strengthened the British navy to counter the rapid expansion of the German navy, and his reforms and innovations including the conception of the battleship Dreadnought, which revolutionized naval construction ensured the Royal Navy's dominance in World War I. He retired in 1910; recalled in 1914 by Winston Churchill, he resigned the next year in protest against the Dardanelles Campaign
John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton 1st Baron Acton: born Jan.10, 1834, Naples, Kingdom of Naples died June 19, 1902, Tegernsee, Bavaria, German Empire English historian. He served in the House of Commons (1859-65). Editor of the Roman Catholic monthly The Rambler (1859-64), he resigned because of papal criticism of his scientific approach to history. An adviser to William E. Gladstone from 1865, he was raised to the peerage in 1869. In 1895 he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge. He later coordinated the massive publication project of The Cambridge Modern History. A critic of nationalism, he coined the familiar aphorism "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely
John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton 1st Baron Acton of Aldenham: born Jan.10, 1834, Naples, Kingdom of Naples died June 19, 1902, Tegernsee, Bavaria, German Empire English historian. He served in the House of Commons (1859-65). Editor of the Roman Catholic monthly The Rambler (1859-64), he resigned because of papal criticism of his scientific approach to history. An adviser to William E. Gladstone from 1865, he was raised to the peerage in 1869. In 1895 he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge. He later coordinated the massive publication project of The Cambridge Modern History. A critic of nationalism, he coined the familiar aphorism "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely
John Maynard Baron Keynes of Tilton Keynes: born June 5, 1883, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. died April 21, 1946, Firle, Sussex British economist, known for his revolutionary theories on the causes of prolonged unemployment. The son of the distinguished economist John Neville Keynes (1852-1949), he served in the British treasury during World War I and attended the Versailles Peace Conference. He resigned in protest over the Treaty of Versailles, denouncing its provisions in The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), and he returned to teaching at the University of Cambridge. The international economic crisis of the 1920s and '30s prompted him to write The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935-36), the most influential economic treatise of the 20th century. It refuted laissez-faire economic theories, arguing that the treatment for economic depression was either to enlarge private investment or to create public substitutes for private investment. Keynes argued that in mild economic downturns, monetary policy in the form of easier credit and lower interest rates might stimulate investment. More severe crises called for deliberate public deficits (see deficit financing), either in the shape of public works or subsidies to the poor and unemployed. Keynes's theories were put into practice by many Western democracies, notably by the U.S. in the New Deal. Interested in the design of new international financial institutions at the end of World War II, Keynes was active at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944
John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh: born Nov. 12, 1842, Langford Grove, Essex, Eng. died June 30, 1919, Terling Place, Witham, Essex English physicist. In 1873 he succeeded to his father's title and built a research laboratory on his estate. He taught physics at Cambridge University (1879-84) and was secretary of the Royal Society (1884-95). His research included work on electromagnetism, colour, acoustics, and diffraction gratings, and his theory explaining the blue colour of the sky evolved into the Rayleigh scattering law. In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his isolation of argon. In 1908 he became chancellor of Cambridge University. His influential Theory of Sound (1877, 1878) examines questions of vibrations and resonance of media
John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh of Terling Place: born Nov. 12, 1842, Langford Grove, Essex, Eng. died June 30, 1919, Terling Place, Witham, Essex English physicist. In 1873 he succeeded to his father's title and built a research laboratory on his estate. He taught physics at Cambridge University (1879-84) and was secretary of the Royal Society (1884-95). His research included work on electromagnetism, colour, acoustics, and diffraction gratings, and his theory explaining the blue colour of the sky evolved into the Rayleigh scattering law. In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his isolation of argon. In 1908 he became chancellor of Cambridge University. His influential Theory of Sound (1877, 1878) examines questions of vibrations and resonance of media
Joseph Arthur Baron Rank of Sutton Scotney Rank: born Dec. 22/23, 1888, Hull, Yorkshire, Eng. died March 29, 1972, Winchester, Hampshire British motion-picture distributor and producer. His British National Film Co. made its first commercial picture in 1935. That year he and Charles Woolf established General Film Distributors to distribute Universal Pictures films in Britain. By 1941 Rank controlled two of the three largest movie theatre chains in Britain. The J. Arthur Rank Organisation (incorporated 1946) dominated British film production in the late 1940s and '50s. Rank served as chairman (1946-62) and president (1962-72) of the Rank Organisation, which shifted from filmmaking to hotel ownership and other more profitable enterprises in the late 1960s
Joseph Baron Fourier: born March 21, 1768, Auxerre, France died May 16, 1830, Paris French mathematician and Egyptologist. While an engineer on Napoleon's Egyptian expedition, he conducted (1798-1801) anthropological investigations and wrote the preface to the monumental Description de l'Égypte, whose publication he oversaw (1809-28). In 1808 he was created a baron by Napoleon. In mathematics he is primarily known for his work in heat conduction (1807-22), for his use of the Fourier series to solve differential equations, and for the related concept of the Fourier transform. As a scientist and humanist, he epitomized the spirit of French intellectualism of the Revolutionary era
Joseph Baron von Eichendorff: born , March 10, 1788, near Ratibor, Prussia died Nov. 26, 1857, Neisse German poet and novelist. Born to the nobility, he and his family lost their castle in the Napoleonic Wars, and he later worked in the Prussian civil service. He became associated with the national leaders of the Romantic movement while studying in Berlin. His most important prose work, Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing (1826), is considered a high point of Romantic fiction. In the 1830s he wrote poetry that achieved the popularity of folk songs and inspired such composers as Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, and Richard Strauss
Justus Freiherr baron von Liebig: born May 12, 1803, Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt died April 18, 1873, Munich, Bavaria German chemist. He made many important contributions to the early systematization of organic chemistry and to biochemistry, chemical education, and agricultural chemistry. He was the first to demonstrate the existence of free radicals and did much to clarify the properties of acids. He developed simple analytical methods (see analysis) that greatly aided his work, analyzed many tissues and body fluids, and showed that plants use carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia. In later years his reputation became so great that he was regarded as the final authority in chemical matters, and he was often involved in scientific controversies
Jöns Jacob Baron Berzelius: born Aug. 20, 1779, near Linköping, Swed. died Aug. 7, 1848, Stockholm Swedish chemist. As a professor in Stockholm (1807-32) he achieved an immensely important series of innovations and discoveries. He is especially noted for his introduction of basic laboratory equipment that remains in use today; his determination of atomic weights; his creation of the modern system of chemical symbols; his theory of electrochemistry; his discovery of the elements cerium, selenium, and thorium and his isolation of silicon, zirconium, and titanium; his contribution to the classical techniques of analysis; and his investigations of isomerism and catalysis, both of which he named. He published more than 250 original research papers. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry
Karl Wilhelm baron von Humboldt: born June 22, 1767, Potsdam, Prussia died April 8, 1835, Tegel, near Berlin German linguist and educational reformer. The elder brother of Alexander von Humboldt, he held a number of government posts. As minister of education (1809), he raised elementary education standards and was instrumental in founding Friedrich Wilhelm University (now Humboldt University, or University of Berlin) in Berlin. Humboldt also contributed greatly to the philosophy of language, contending that its character and structure express the speaker's culture and individuality and that humans perceive the world through the medium of language. He also carried out research on the Basque language and Kawi (old Javanese)
Karl baron von Rokitansky: born Feb. 19, 1804, Königgrätz, Austria died July 23, 1878, Vienna Austrian pathologist. He inspired Ignaz Semmelweis to study medicine and supported his use of antiseptic procedures to eliminate puerperal fever. Rokitansky was the first to detect bacteria in malignant endocarditis and to describe spondylolisthesis (forward displacement of one vertebra over another). He differentiated pneumonias originating in lobes of the lung and in bronchioles, made a fundamental study of acute yellow atrophy of the liver, and established the micropathology of emphysema. His Treatise of Pathological Anatomy (3 vol., 1842-46) elevated pathology to an established science. During his career he performed more than 30,000 autopsies
Karl imperial baron vom und zum Stein: born Oct. 26, 1757, Nassau an der Lahn, Nassau died June 29, 1831, Schloss Cappenberg, Westphalia Prussian statesman. Born into the imperial nobility, he entered the civil service in 1780. As minister of economic affairs (1804-07) and chief minister (1807-08) to Frederick William III, he introduced wide-ranging reforms in administration, taxation, and the civil service that modernized the Prussian government. He abolished serfdom, reformed the laws on land ownership, and helped reorganize the military. Anticipating war with France, he was forced to resign under pressure from Napoleon (1808) and fled to Austria. As an adviser to Tsar Alexander I (1812-15), he negotiated the Russo-Prussian Treaty of Kalisz (1813) that formed the last European coalition against Napoleon
Kenneth Clark Baron Clark: born July 13, 1903, London, Eng. died May 21, 1983, Hythe British art historian and administrator. Born to a wealthy family, he studied at the University of Oxford. After two years of study with Bernard Berenson in Florence, he served as keeper of fine art at Oxford's Ashmolean Museum (1931-34) and director of London's National Gallery (1934-39). He was involved in academic research and public service for most of his life. He published widely and became internationally known in 1969 as the writer and host of the BBC series Civilisation, a survey of European art from the Middle Ages to the 20th century
Kenneth Mackenzie Clark Baron Clark of Saltwood: born July 13, 1903, London, Eng. died May 21, 1983, Hythe British art historian and administrator. Born to a wealthy family, he studied at the University of Oxford. After two years of study with Bernard Berenson in Florence, he served as keeper of fine art at Oxford's Ashmolean Museum (1931-34) and director of London's National Gallery (1934-39). He was involved in academic research and public service for most of his life. He published widely and became internationally known in 1969 as the writer and host of the BBC series Civilisation, a survey of European art from the Middle Ages to the 20th century
Konstantin baron von Neurath: born Feb. 2, 1873, Klein-Glattbach, Ger. died Aug. 14, 1956, Enzweihingen, W.Ger. German diplomat. He entered the diplomatic service in 1903 and served as minister to Denmark (1919-22), ambassador to Italy (1922-30), and ambassador to Britain (1930-32). As Germany's foreign minister (1932-38), he lent respectability to Adolf Hitler's expansionist foreign policy. As "protector" of Bohemia and Moravia (1939-41), he was accused of being too lenient and was replaced by Reinhard Heydrich. After World War II, he was tried and imprisoned for war crimes (1946-54)
Laurence Baron Olivier Olivier: born May 22, 1907, Dorking, Surrey, Eng. died July 11, 1989, near London British actor, director, and producer. He began his professional career in 1926 and joined the Old Vic company in 1937, playing many major Shakespearean roles. With Ralph Richardson he codirected the Old Vic (1944-50), and he acted in some of its greatest productions, including Richard III, Henry IV, and Oedipus Rex. He was knighted in 1947. From 1950 he directed and acted under his own management; his notable productions included Antony and Cleopatra and The Entertainer (1957). He was the founding director of the National Theatre (1962-73), one of whose theatres is now named for him. In 1970 he was created a life peer, the first actor ever to be so honoured. His many films include Wuthering Heights (1939), Rebecca (1940), Hamlet (1948, Academy Award), The Entertainer (1960), and Othello (1965). He was married to the actresses Vivien Leigh and (from 1961) Joan Plowright (b. 1929)
Laurence Kerr Baron Olivier of Brighton Olivier: born May 22, 1907, Dorking, Surrey, Eng. died July 11, 1989, near London British actor, director, and producer. He began his professional career in 1926 and joined the Old Vic company in 1937, playing many major Shakespearean roles. With Ralph Richardson he codirected the Old Vic (1944-50), and he acted in some of its greatest productions, including Richard III, Henry IV, and Oedipus Rex. He was knighted in 1947. From 1950 he directed and acted under his own management; his notable productions included Antony and Cleopatra and The Entertainer (1957). He was the founding director of the National Theatre (1962-73), one of whose theatres is now named for him. In 1970 he was created a life peer, the first actor ever to be so honoured. His many films include Wuthering Heights (1939), Rebecca (1940), Hamlet (1948, Academy Award), The Entertainer (1960), and Othello (1965). He was married to the actresses Vivien Leigh and (from 1961) Joan Plowright (b. 1929)
Leibniz,Baron von Gottfried Wilhelm: a German philosopher and mathematician who invented calculus at the same time as Newton (1646-1716)
Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff: born March 27, 1912, Portsmouth, Hampshire, Eng. British politician. A trade union official, he entered the House of Commons as a Labour Party member in 1945. He served in Labour governments as chancellor of the Exchequer (1964-67), home secretary (1967-70), and foreign secretary (1974-76) before becoming prime minister (1976-79). A moderate within his party, he tried to stem the vociferous demands of the trade unions. After a series of paralyzing labour strikes in 1978-79 (the so-called "Winter of Discontent"), his government was brought down by a parliamentary vote of no confidence. He was created a life peer in the House of Lords in 1987
Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce baron de La Hontan: born June 9, 1666, Mont-de-Marsan, France died 1715, Hannover, Hanover French army officer and explorer. He served in New France (1683-93), commanded Ft.-St.-Joseph (now Niles, Mich.), and explored territory along the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers (1688-89). In 1692 he stopped at Newfoundland and defended the French colonists at Plaisance against the English; after the governor there accused him of insubordination, he fled to Portugal in 1693 and thereafter remained in Europe. His New Voyages to North-America (1703) influenced the works of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jonathan Swift
Ludvig Baron Holberg: born Dec. 3, 1684, Bergen, Nor. died Jan. 28, 1754, Copenhagen, Den. Norwegian-Danish man of letters. Educated in Denmark and England, he traveled in various European countries before becoming a professor at the University of Copenhagen; while there he began to create a new class of humorous literature. His seriocomic epic Peder Paars (1719), a parody of Virgil's Aeneid, is the earliest classic of the Danish language. Holberg was soon producing a steady flow of stage comedies, including The Political Tinker (1723), The Weathercock (1723), Jean de France (1723), Jeppe of the Hill (1723), The Fussy Man (1731), and Erasmus Montanus (1731), many of which are still produced. The outstanding Scandinavian literary figure of the Enlightenment, Holberg is claimed by both Norway and Denmark as a founder of their literatures
Manfred baron von Richthofen: known as the Red Baron born May 2, 1892, Breslau, Ger. died April 21, 1918, Vaux-sur-Somme, France German World War I ace. Born to a famous and wealthy family, he began his military career in 1912 as a cavalry officer. In 1915 he transferred to the air force and in 1916 took command of a fighter group that came to be known as "Richthofen's Flying Circus" for its decorated scarlet planes. He had been acclaimed Germany's greatest aviation ace, credited with shooting down 80 enemy airplanes, before he himself was shot down at age 25
Maxwell Aitken lst Baron Beaverbrook: orig. William Maxwell Aitken known as Lord Beaverbrook born May 25, 1879, Maple, Ont., Can. died June 9, 1964, near Leatherhead, Surrey, Eng. Canadian-British politician and newspaper proprietor. After making a fortune in Montreal as a financier, he moved to England and became active in politics as a Conservative. Beginning in 1916, he took over or founded newspapers, including the London Daily Express, Sunday Express, and Evening Standard. Idiosyncratic and very successful, he became a "press lord" and a champion of individual enterprise and British imperial interests. He held various high government appointments, including positions in the British Cabinet during both World Wars, but he never fully achieved the political power he sought
Maxwell Aitken lst Baron Beaverbrook of Beaverbrook and of Cherkley: orig. William Maxwell Aitken known as Lord Beaverbrook born May 25, 1879, Maple, Ont., Can. died June 9, 1964, near Leatherhead, Surrey, Eng. Canadian-British politician and newspaper proprietor. After making a fortune in Montreal as a financier, he moved to England and became active in politics as a Conservative. Beginning in 1916, he took over or founded newspapers, including the London Daily Express, Sunday Express, and Evening Standard. Idiosyncratic and very successful, he became a "press lord" and a champion of individual enterprise and British imperial interests. He held various high government appointments, including positions in the British Cabinet during both World Wars, but he never fully achieved the political power he sought
Nils Adolf Erik Frihere baron Nordenskiöld: born Nov. 18, 1832, Helsinki, Fin. died Aug. 12, 1901, Dalbyö, Swed. Finnish-born Swedish geologist, mineralogist, geographer, and explorer. In 1858 he settled in Stockholm and became professor and curator of mineralogy at the Swedish State Museum. He led several expeditions to the Arctic island of Spitsbergen between 1864 and 1873, and in 1870 he led an expedition to western Greenland. In 1878-79, on the steam vessel Vega, he sailed from Norway to Alaska on the first expedition to successfully navigate the Northeast Passage. He was created a baron on his return. In 1883 he became the first to break through the great sea ice barrier of the southeast Greenland coast
Patrick Maynard Stuart Baron Blackett of Chelsea: born Nov. 18, 1897, London, Eng. died July 13, 1974, London British physicist. He graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1921 and spent 10 years at the Cavendish Laboratory, where he developed the Wilson cloud chamber into an instrument for the study of cosmic radiation. He was awarded a 1948 Nobel Prize for his discoveries and was made a life peer in 1969
Paul Julius Baron von Reuter Reuter: orig. Israel Beer Josaphat born July 21, 1816, Kassel, Electorate of Hesse died Feb. 25, 1899, Nice, France German founder of the news agency Reuters. He was a bank clerk and partner in a small publishing concern before initiating a prototype news service in Paris in 1849, using electric telegraphy and carrier pigeons in his network. He moved to England in 1851 and opened a telegraph office serving banks, brokerage houses, and leading business firms. He steadily extended his commercial news service, acquiring his first subscribing newspaper client in 1858. Undersea cables enabled him to expand the service to other continents
Philip John Noel-Baker Baron Noel-Baker: orig. Philip John Baker born Nov. 1, 1889, London, Eng. died Oct. 8, 1982, London British statesman and advocate of disarmament. He worked for the League of Nations secretariat (1919-22) and taught international relations at the University of London (1924-29). He served in the House of Commons (1929-31, 1936-70) and in ministerial posts (1945-61). He helped draft the UN charter, and he campaigned widely for peace through multilateral disarmament. An Olympic runner in 1912, 1920, and 1924, he later served as president of UNESCO's International Council on Sport and Physical Recreation (1960-82). In 1959 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace
Philip John Noel-Baker Baron Noel-Baker of the City of Derby: orig. Philip John Baker born Nov. 1, 1889, London, Eng. died Oct. 8, 1982, London British statesman and advocate of disarmament. He worked for the League of Nations secretariat (1919-22) and taught international relations at the University of London (1924-29). He served in the House of Commons (1929-31, 1936-70) and in ministerial posts (1945-61). He helped draft the UN charter, and he campaigned widely for peace through multilateral disarmament. An Olympic runner in 1912, 1920, and 1924, he later served as president of UNESCO's International Council on Sport and Physical Recreation (1960-82). In 1959 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace
Pierre baron de Coubertin: born Jan. 1, 1863, Paris, France died Sept. 2, 1937, Geneva, Switz. French educator, primarily responsible for the revival of the Olympic Games in 1894. He became one of the first advocates of physical education in France. His drive to restart the Olympics, after a 1,500-year suspension, was partly inspired by a visit to Greece, where excavators were uncovering the ancient Olympic site. He served as the second president (1896-1925) of the International Olympic Committee
Pyotr Baron Wrangel: born Aug. 27, 1878, Novo-Aleksandrovsk, Lith., Russian Empire died April 25, 1928, Brussels, Belg. Russian general who led the anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War. A member of an old German baronial family, he served in the Russian imperial guards and commanded a Cossack division in World War I. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he joined the anti-Bolshevik "White" forces of Anton Denikin. After capturing Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) in 1919, he became commander of the Whites in April 1920 and tried to rally support from the peasants and Cossacks. He launched an offensive in Ukraine in June, but by November the Red Army had defeated the Whites and forced them to retreat to the Crimea. After evacuating his troops to Constantinople, he lived in exile in western Europe
Pyotr Nikolayevich Baron Wrangel: born Aug. 27, 1878, Novo-Aleksandrovsk, Lith., Russian Empire died April 25, 1928, Brussels, Belg. Russian general who led the anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War. A member of an old German baronial family, he served in the Russian imperial guards and commanded a Cossack division in World War I. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he joined the anti-Bolshevik "White" forces of Anton Denikin. After capturing Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) in 1919, he became commander of the Whites in April 1920 and tried to rally support from the peasants and Cossacks. He launched an offensive in Ukraine in June, but by November the Red Army had defeated the Whites and forced them to retreat to the Crimea. After evacuating his troops to Constantinople, he lived in exile in western Europe
R A baron of Saffron Walden Butler: born Dec. 9, 1902, Attock Serai, India died March 8, 1982, Great Yeldham, Essex, Eng. British politician. Known as "Rab" Butler, he was elected to Parliament in 1929 and served in various Conservative governments in the 1930s. As minister of education, he was responsible for the 1944 Education Act, which established free secondary education. After the Tories' electoral losses in 1945, he helped remold the Conservative Party, serving as its leader (1955-61). He served as chancellor of the exchequer (1951-55), home secretary (1957-62), and foreign secretary (1963-64)
Red Baron: the nickname of Baron von Richtofen
Richard Austen baron of Saffron Walden Butler: born Dec. 9, 1902, Attock Serai, India died March 8, 1982, Great Yeldham, Essex, Eng. British politician. Known as "Rab" Butler, he was elected to Parliament in 1929 and served in various Conservative governments in the 1930s. As minister of education, he was responsible for the 1944 Education Act, which established free secondary education. After the Tories' electoral losses in 1945, he helped remold the Conservative Party, serving as its leader (1955-61). He served as chancellor of the exchequer (1951-55), home secretary (1957-62), and foreign secretary (1963-64)
Richard Freiherr Baron von Krafft-Ebing: born Aug. 14, 1840, Mannheim, Baden died Dec. 22, 1902, near Graz, Austria German neuropsychiatrist. Educated in Germany and Switzerland, he taught psychiatry in the Austrian cities of Strasbourg, Graz, and Vienna, and he pursued studies that ranged from epilepsy and syphilis to genetic functions in insanity and sexual deviation. He also performed experiments in hypnosis. He is best remembered today for his Psychopathia sexualis (1886), a groundbreaking examination of sexual aberrations
Robert 1st Baron Clive: born Sept. 29, 1725, Styche, Shropshire, Eng. died Nov. 22, 1774, London British soldier and colonial administrator. In 1743 he was sent to Madras (Chennai) for the East India Company, where hostilities between it and the French East India Company allowed him to demonstrate his military skills. He made a fortune and returned to England in 1753 but was sent back to India in 1755. In 1757 his victory over the nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey made him the virtual master of Bengal. His first government, though tainted by corruption and duplicity, was a model of generalship and statecraft. Back in England, he was elected to Parliament (1760) but failed to become a national statesman. He returned to India as governor and commander in chief of Bengal (1765-67). His reorganizing of the colony, including his fight against corruption, helped establish Britain's power in India. He himself was attacked by Parliament on charges of corruption; though exonerated, he later committed suicide
Robert 1st Baron Clive of Plassey: born Sept. 29, 1725, Styche, Shropshire, Eng. died Nov. 22, 1774, London British soldier and colonial administrator. In 1743 he was sent to Madras (Chennai) for the East India Company, where hostilities between it and the French East India Company allowed him to demonstrate his military skills. He made a fortune and returned to England in 1753 but was sent back to India in 1755. In 1757 his victory over the nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey made him the virtual master of Bengal. His first government, though tainted by corruption and duplicity, was a model of generalship and statecraft. Back in England, he was elected to Parliament (1760) but failed to become a national statesman. He returned to India as governor and commander in chief of Bengal (1765-67). His reorganizing of the colony, including his fight against corruption, helped establish Britain's power in India. He himself was attacked by Parliament on charges of corruption; though exonerated, he later committed suicide
Robert Stephenson Smyth 1st Baron Baden-Powell: born Feb. 22, 1857, London, Eng. died Jan. 8, 1941, Nyeri, Kenya British army officer and founder of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides (later Girl Scouts; see scouting). He was noted for his use of observation balloons in warfare in Africa (1884-85). In the South African War, he became a national hero in the Siege of Mafikeng. Having learned that his military textbook Aids to Scouting (1899) was being used to train boys in woodcraft, he wrote Scouting for Boys (1908) and that same year established the Boy Scout movement. In 1910, with his sister Agnes and his wife, Olave, he founded the Girl Guides
Robert Stephenson Smyth 1st Baron Baden-Powell of Gilwell: born Feb. 22, 1857, London, Eng. died Jan. 8, 1941, Nyeri, Kenya British army officer and founder of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides (later Girl Scouts; see scouting). He was noted for his use of observation balloons in warfare in Africa (1884-85). In the South African War, he became a national hero in the Siege of Mafikeng. Having learned that his military textbook Aids to Scouting (1899) was being used to train boys in woodcraft, he wrote Scouting for Boys (1908) and that same year established the Boy Scout movement. In 1910, with his sister Agnes and his wife, Olave, he founded the Girl Guides
Roy Harris Jenkins Baron Jenkins of Hillhead: born Nov. 11, 1920, Abersychan, Monmouthshire, Eng. died Jan. 5, 2003, Oxfordshire British politician. Elected to Parliament in 1948, he served in Labour Party governments (1964-70, 1974-76). A strong supporter of NATO and the European Community, he was president of the executive branch of the latter (1976-81). He resigned from the Labour Party, and in 1981, with other Labour dissidents, he formed the Social Democratic Party, which he led in 1982-83. After accepting a life peerage (1987), he became leader of the Social and Liberal Democratic Party in the House of Lords. He subsequently became chancellor of the University of Oxford
Roy Herbert Thomson 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet: born June 5, 1894, Toronto, Ont., Can. died Aug. 4, 1976, London, Eng. Canadian-British publisher. Thomson began acquiring radio stations and newspapers in Ontario in the 1930s; later he expanded his interests to Britain and the U.S. and added television holdings. In 1952 he bought The Scotsman newspaper and went to Edinburgh to run it. In 1959 he purchased the Kemsley group of newspapers, the largest in Britain, which included the Sunday Times. In 1967 he made his most important purchase, The Times of London, and thereafter made a major investment in it, providing it with financial stability. In the 1970s Thomson joined a consortium that was successful in discovering two oil fields. It sold The Times in 1981 and divested interests in U.K. newspapers in 1995. The acquisition of various publishing and other interests continued into the 21st century, and the Thomson Corp. is today one of the largest publishing conglomerates in the world
Roy Jenkins Baron Jenkins: born Nov. 11, 1920, Abersychan, Monmouthshire, Eng. died Jan. 5, 2003, Oxfordshire British politician. Elected to Parliament in 1948, he served in Labour Party governments (1964-70, 1974-76). A strong supporter of NATO and the European Community, he was president of the executive branch of the latter (1976-81). He resigned from the Labour Party, and in 1981, with other Labour dissidents, he formed the Social Democratic Party, which he led in 1982-83. After accepting a life peerage (1987), he became leader of the Social and Liberal Democratic Party in the House of Lords. He subsequently became chancellor of the University of Oxford
Roy Thomson 1st Baron Thomson: born June 5, 1894, Toronto, Ont., Can. died Aug. 4, 1976, London, Eng. Canadian-British publisher. Thomson began acquiring radio stations and newspapers in Ontario in the 1930s; later he expanded his interests to Britain and the U.S. and added television holdings. In 1952 he bought The Scotsman newspaper and went to Edinburgh to run it. In 1959 he purchased the Kemsley group of newspapers, the largest in Britain, which included the Sunday Times. In 1967 he made his most important purchase, The Times of London, and thereafter made a major investment in it, providing it with financial stability. In the 1970s Thomson joined a consortium that was successful in discovering two oil fields. It sold The Times in 1981 and divested interests in U.K. newspapers in 1995. The acquisition of various publishing and other interests continued into the 21st century, and the Thomson Corp. is today one of the largest publishing conglomerates in the world
Samuel Cunliffe Baron Masham Lister: born Jan. 1, 1815, Calverley Hall, near Bradford, Yorkshire, Eng. died Feb. 2, 1906, Swinton Park, Yorkshire British inventor. His wool-combing machine (1845) helped lower the price of clothing and contributed greatly to the development of Australian sheep farming. Another invention ( 1865) permitted the use of silk waste to make goods that could compete with those manufactured from the perfect cocoon and that could be sold at many times the cost of production. His velvet loom for making pile fabrics ( 1878) was another important innovation
Samuel Cunliffe Baron Masham of Swinton Lister: born Jan. 1, 1815, Calverley Hall, near Bradford, Yorkshire, Eng. died Feb. 2, 1906, Swinton Park, Yorkshire British inventor. His wool-combing machine (1845) helped lower the price of clothing and contributed greatly to the development of Australian sheep farming. Another invention ( 1865) permitted the use of silk waste to make goods that could compete with those manufactured from the perfect cocoon and that could be sold at many times the cost of production. His velvet loom for making pile fabrics ( 1878) was another important innovation
Samuel baron von Pufendorf: born Jan. 8, 1632, Dorfchemnitz, near Thalheim, Saxony died Oct. 13, 1694, Berlin German jurist and historian. The son of a pastor, he left the study of theology for jurisprudence, philosophy, and history. He taught at the Universities of Heidelberg (1661-68) and Lund (1670-77). His Elements of Universal Jurisprudence (1660) and Of the Law and Nature of Nations (1672), which were influenced by Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes, departed from the traditional approach of the medieval theologians to natural law in arguing that there is no such creature as a natural slave that all men have a right to equality and freedom. His views were attacked by conservative Protestant theologians in Sweden and Germany, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz dismissed him as "a man not a lawyer and scarcely a philosopher at all." Nevertheless, he was protected by the Swedish government, and he became the official historiographer to Charles XI of Sweden (1677-88) and to the elector of Brandenburg (1688-94)
Third Baron Rayleigh: {i} John William Strutt Rayleigh, Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919), English physicist, winner of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics for investigating of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of the element argon
Thomas Babington Baron Macaulay of Rothley Macaulay: born Oct. 25, 1800, Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, Eng. died Dec. 28, 1859, Campden Hill, London English politician, historian, and poet. While a fellow at Cambridge University, Macaulay published the first of his essays, on John Milton (1825), and gained immediate fame. After entering Parliament in 1830, he became known as a leading orator. From 1834 he served on the Supreme Council in India, supporting the equality of Europeans and Indians before the law and inaugurating a national educational system. He reentered Parliament on returning to England in 1838. He published Lays of Ancient Rome (1842) and Critical and Historical Essays (1843) before retiring to private life and beginning his brilliant History of England, 5 vol. (1849-61); covering the period 1688-1702, it established a Whig interpretation of English history that influenced generations
Thomas Erskine 1st Baron Erskine: born Jan. 10, 1750, Edinburgh, Scot. died Nov. 17, 1823, Almondell, Linlithgowshire Scottish lawyer. He was the youngest son of Henry David Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan. After service in the British navy and army, he entered the law, and in 1778 he was called to the bar. His practice flourished after he won a seminal libel case, and he went on to make important contributions to the protection of personal liberties. His defense of politicians and reformers on charges of treason and related offenses, including an unsuccessful defense of Thomas Paine (1792), checked repressive measures taken by the British government in the aftermath of the French Revolution. He contributed to the law of criminal responsibility by defending, on the novel ground of insanity, a would-be assassin of George III. He served in Parliament (1783-84, 1790-1806) until elevated to the peerage (1806), and he was lord chancellor (1806-07) in William Grenville's "ministry of all talents." In 1820 he defended Queen Caroline, whom George IV had brought to trial before the House of Lords for adultery in order to deprive her of her rights and title. Erskine's courtroom speeches are characterized by vigour, cogency, and lucidity and often by great literary merit
Thomas Erskine 1st Baron Erskine of Restormel: born Jan. 10, 1750, Edinburgh, Scot. died Nov. 17, 1823, Almondell, Linlithgowshire Scottish lawyer. He was the youngest son of Henry David Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan. After service in the British navy and army, he entered the law, and in 1778 he was called to the bar. His practice flourished after he won a seminal libel case, and he went on to make important contributions to the protection of personal liberties. His defense of politicians and reformers on charges of treason and related offenses, including an unsuccessful defense of Thomas Paine (1792), checked repressive measures taken by the British government in the aftermath of the French Revolution. He contributed to the law of criminal responsibility by defending, on the novel ground of insanity, a would-be assassin of George III. He served in Parliament (1783-84, 1790-1806) until elevated to the peerage (1806), and he was lord chancellor (1806-07) in William Grenville's "ministry of all talents." In 1820 he defended Queen Caroline, whom George IV had brought to trial before the House of Lords for adultery in order to deprive her of her rights and title. Erskine's courtroom speeches are characterized by vigour, cogency, and lucidity and often by great literary merit
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Fairfax: born Jan. 17, 1612, Denton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Nov. 12, 1671, Nun Appleton, Yorkshire Commander in chief of the Parliamentary army during the English Civil Wars. His tactical skill and courage helped bring about many Parliamentary victories, including the Battle of Marston Moor. As commander in chief of the New Model Army, he defeated Charles I at the Battle of Naseby. Fairfax disapproved of the purge of Parliament by his soldiers in 1648 and refused to serve on the commission that condemned Charles to death. In 1650 he resigned as commander in chief to protest the proposed invasion of Scotland. In 1658 he helped George Monck restore Parliamentary rule in the face of opposition from the army. He was a member of the Parliament that invited Charles's son to return to England as Charles II
Thomas Fairfax 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron: born Jan. 17, 1612, Denton, Yorkshire, Eng. died Nov. 12, 1671, Nun Appleton, Yorkshire Commander in chief of the Parliamentary army during the English Civil Wars. His tactical skill and courage helped bring about many Parliamentary victories, including the Battle of Marston Moor. As commander in chief of the New Model Army, he defeated Charles I at the Battle of Naseby. Fairfax disapproved of the purge of Parliament by his soldiers in 1648 and refused to serve on the commission that condemned Charles to death. In 1650 he resigned as commander in chief to protest the proposed invasion of Scotland. In 1658 he helped George Monck restore Parliamentary rule in the face of opposition from the army. He was a member of the Parliament that invited Charles's son to return to England as Charles II
Thomas George Shaughnessy 1st Baron Shaughnessy: born Oct. 6, 1853, Milwaukee, Wis., U.S. died Dec. 10, 1923, Montreal, Que., Can. Canadian railway executive. After working as a clerk for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, he joined the Canadian Pacific Railway as general purchasing agent (1882), becoming vice president (1891-99), president (1899-1918), and chairman of the board (from 1918). He oversaw the greatest expansion in the railroad's history and added shipping and mining industries to its holdings
Thomas George Shaughnessy 1st Baron Shaughnessy of Montreal and Ashford: born Oct. 6, 1853, Milwaukee, Wis., U.S. died Dec. 10, 1923, Montreal, Que., Can. Canadian railway executive. After working as a clerk for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, he joined the Canadian Pacific Railway as general purchasing agent (1882), becoming vice president (1891-99), president (1899-1918), and chairman of the board (from 1918). He oversaw the greatest expansion in the railroad's history and added shipping and mining industries to its holdings
Thomas West 12th Baron De La Warr: or Baron Delaware born July 9, 1577 died June 7, 1618, at sea off the coast of Virginia or New England English founder of Virginia. After serving under the earl of Essex in the Netherlands and Ireland, he became a member of the Virginia Company and was appointed governor of the colony in 1610. He and 150 settlers arrived at Jamestown as another group was abandoning it. He established two forts at the mouth of the James River and rebuilt Jamestown. Delaware Bay, the Delaware River, and the state of Delaware were named for him
Victor Baron Horta: born Jan. 6, 1861, Ghent, Belg. died Sept. 8, 1947, Brussels Belgian architect. From 1892 he designed numerous buildings in Brussels, becoming a leading exponent of the Art Nouveau style. His Hôtel Tassel (1892-93) was a pioneering example of the new style. His chief work was the Maison du Peuple (1896-99), the first structure in Belgium to have a largely iron-and-glass facade. From 1912 he directed the Académie des Beaux-Arts, and he designed the Palais des Beaux-Arts (1922-28)
Wilhelm baron von Humboldt: born June 22, 1767, Potsdam, Prussia died April 8, 1835, Tegel, near Berlin German linguist and educational reformer. The elder brother of Alexander von Humboldt, he held a number of government posts. As minister of education (1809), he raised elementary education standards and was instrumental in founding Friedrich Wilhelm University (now Humboldt University, or University of Berlin) in Berlin. Humboldt also contributed greatly to the philosophy of language, contending that its character and structure express the speaker's culture and individuality and that humans perceive the world through the medium of language. He also carried out research on the Basque language and Kawi (old Javanese)
William 1st Baron Burghley Cecil: born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng. died Aug. 5, 1598, London English statesman, principal adviser to Elizabeth I through most of her reign and a master of Renaissance statecraft. Having served as a councillor and cosecretary to Edward VI, he was appointed Elizabeth's sole secretary when she became queen in 1558. A dedicated and skillful adviser to the queen, Cecil was created Baron Burghley in 1571 and appointed lord high treasurer (1572-98). He obtained the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, thus securing the Protestant succession, and his preparations enabled England to survive the Spanish Armada. But he failed to induce Elizabeth to marry or to reform her church along more Protestant lines
William Henry 1st Baron Beveridge: born March 5, 1879, Rangpur, India died March 16, 1963, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng. British economist. He took a lifelong interest in the problem of unemployment and served as director of labour exchanges (1909-16). He directed the London School of Economics (1919-37), then became master of University College, Oxford (1937-45). Invited by the government to become the architect of the new British welfare state, he helped shape Britain's social policies and institutions through the Beveridge Report (1942). His books included Insurance for All (1924), Full Employment in a Free Society (1944), and Pillars of Security (1948)
William Henry 1st Baron Beveridge of Tuggal: born March 5, 1879, Rangpur, India died March 16, 1963, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng. British economist. He took a lifelong interest in the problem of unemployment and served as director of labour exchanges (1909-16). He directed the London School of Economics (1919-37), then became master of University College, Oxford (1937-45). Invited by the government to become the architect of the new British welfare state, he helped shape Britain's social policies and institutions through the Beveridge Report (1942). His books included Insurance for All (1924), Full Employment in a Free Society (1944), and Pillars of Security (1948)
William Thomson Baron Kelvin: known as Lord Kelvin born June 26, 1824, Belfast, County Antrim, Ire. died Dec. 17, 1907, Netherhall, Ayrshire, Scot. British physicist. He entered the University of Glasgow at 10, published two papers by 17, and graduated from Cambridge University at
William Thomson Baron Kelvin: The next year he was awarded the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow, where he remained until retiring in 1899. He helped develop the second law of thermodynamics, and in 1848 he invented the absolute temperature scale named after him (see absolute zero). He served as chief consultant for the laying of the first Atlantic cable (1857-58). His patent for a mirror galvanometer for receiving telegraph signals (1858) made him wealthy. His work in electricity and magnetism led ultimately to James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. He also contributed to the determination of the age of the Earth and the study of hydrodynamics. He was raised to the peerage in 1892. He published more than 600 scientific papers and received dozens of honorary degrees
William Thomson Baron Kelvin of Largs: The next year he was awarded the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow, where he remained until retiring in 1899. He helped develop the second law of thermodynamics, and in 1848 he invented the absolute temperature scale named after him (see absolute zero). He served as chief consultant for the laying of the first Atlantic cable (1857-58). His patent for a mirror galvanometer for receiving telegraph signals (1858) made him wealthy. His work in electricity and magnetism led ultimately to James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. He also contributed to the determination of the age of the Earth and the study of hydrodynamics. He was raised to the peerage in 1892. He published more than 600 scientific papers and received dozens of honorary degrees
William Thomson Baron Kelvin of Largs: known as Lord Kelvin born June 26, 1824, Belfast, County Antrim, Ire. died Dec. 17, 1907, Netherhall, Ayrshire, Scot. British physicist. He entered the University of Glasgow at 10, published two papers by 17, and graduated from Cambridge University at
barons: plural of baron
chief baron: The presiding judge of the court of exchequer
covert baron: Under the protection of a husband; married
drug baron: someone who leads an organization that buys and sells large quantities of illegal drugs
drug baron: a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs
press baron: someone who owns and controls one or more important national newspapers
robber baron: If you refer to someone as a robber baron, you mean that they have made a very large amount of money and have been prepared to act illegally or in an immoral way in order to do so. a powerful person who uses their money and influence to get more money, business, land etc in a way that is slightly dishonest

التركية - الإنجليزية

تعريف baron في التركية الإنجليزية القاموس.: baron (a title); baron
baron ile ilgili: baronial
baron karısı: baroness
baron payesi: barony
kadın baron: baroness
tefeci baron: usurious baron

baron

الواصلة

bar·on

التركية النطق

bärın

المترادفات

peer, lord, aristocrat

النطق

/ˈbarən/ /ˈbærən/

علم أصول الكلمات

[ 'bar-&n ] (noun.) 13th century. Middle English, from Old French, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German baro freeman.

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baron

تعريف baron في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

تعريف baron في التركية التركية القاموس.

تعريف baron في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

تعريف baron في التركية الإنجليزية القاموس.

المصطلحات ذات الصلة

الواصلة

التركية النطق

المترادفات

النطق

علم أصول الكلمات

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