ernst

تعريف ernst في الإنجليزية الإنجليزية القاموس.: {i} male name; family name; German-born artist and a founder of Dada and surrealism. Noted for his use of frottage and collage, he explored the subconscious through his stylistically varied works, such as the painting Old Man, Woman, and Flower (1923). Ackermann Konrad Ernst Alexanderson Ernst Frederik Werner Arndt Ernst Moritz Baer Karl Ernst knight von Barlach Ernst Bergman Ernst Ingmar Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm Cassirer Ernst Chain Sir Ernst Boris Ernst Max Furtwängler Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Gräfe Albrecht Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst von Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haushofer Karl Ernst Kirchner Ernst Ludwig Krenek Ernst Kretschmer Ernst Lubitsch Ernst Mach Ernst Mayr Ernst Walter Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Röhm Ernst Schleiermacher Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schumacher Ernst Friedrich Starhemberg Ernst Rüdiger prince von Steinbeck John Ernst Weber Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Ernst Wilhelm Wenders Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; painter (born in Germany, resident of France and the United States) who was a cofounder of Dadaism; developed the technique of collage (1891-1976)
Ernst Barlach: born Jan. 2, 1870, Wedel, Ger. died Oct. 24, 1938, Güstrow German sculptor, graphic artist, and writer. After studying in Hamburg, Dresden, and Paris, he became the outstanding sculptor of the Expressionist movement, achieving a rough-hewn quality by preferring wood, the material used in late Gothic sculpture. Even when he worked with other, more contemporary materials, he often emulated the raw quality of wood sculpture to achieve a more brutal effect. He achieved fame in the 1920s and '30s with the execution of several war memorials for the Weimar Republic. Barlach also wrote Expressionist plays, which he illustrated with woodcuts and lithographs. His studio at Güstrow was opened posthumously as a museum
Ernst Cassirer: born July 28, 1874, Breslau, Silesia, Ger. died April 13, 1945, New York, N.Y., U.S. German philosopher and educator. He taught at the University of Berlin (1905-19) and the University of Hamburg (1919-33) before the rise of Nazism forced him to flee to Sweden and the U.S. Cassirer's philosophy, based primarily on the work of Immanuel Kant, expanded that philosopher's doctrines concerning the ways in which human experience is structured by innately existing concepts. After examining various forms of cultural expression, Cassirer concluded that man is uniquely characterized by his ability to use the "symbolic forms" of myth, language, and science to structure his experience and thereby to understand both himself and the natural world. His most important original work is The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (1923-29); he also wrote works on Kant, G.W. Leibniz, Renaissance cosmology, and the Cambridge Platonists
Ernst F W Alexanderson: born Jan. 25, 1878, Uppsala, Swed. died May 14, 1975, Schenectady, N.Y., U.S. Swedish-born U.S. electrical engineer and television pioneer. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1901 and spent most of the next five decades at General Electric; from 1952 he worked for RCA. He developed a high-frequency alternator that was capable of producing continuous radio waves, revolutionizing radio communication. His completed alternator (1906) greatly improved transoceanic communication and firmly established the use of wireless devices in shipping and warfare. He also developed a sophisticated control system (1916) used to automate intricate manufacturing processes and operate antiaircraft guns. He was awarded his 321st patent in 1955 for the colour TV receiver he developed for RCA
Ernst Frederik Werner Alexanderson: born Jan. 25, 1878, Uppsala, Swed. died May 14, 1975, Schenectady, N.Y., U.S. Swedish-born U.S. electrical engineer and television pioneer. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1901 and spent most of the next five decades at General Electric; from 1952 he worked for RCA. He developed a high-frequency alternator that was capable of producing continuous radio waves, revolutionizing radio communication. His completed alternator (1906) greatly improved transoceanic communication and firmly established the use of wireless devices in shipping and warfare. He also developed a sophisticated control system (1916) used to automate intricate manufacturing processes and operate antiaircraft guns. He was awarded his 321st patent in 1955 for the colour TV receiver he developed for RCA
Ernst Friedrich Schumacher: born Aug. 16, 1911, Bonn, Ger. died Sept. 4, 1977, Romont, Switz. German-born British economist. After studying in England and the U.S., he settled in England in 1937. During World War II he worked on theories for full-employment policies and, under William H. Beveridge, plans for Britain's postwar welfare state. Between 1950 and 1970 he was an adviser to Britain's nationalized coal industry. After a visit to Burma in 1955, he came to believe that poor countries needed an "intermediate technology" adapted to the unique needs of each in order to develop. In the influential Small Is Beautiful (1973) he argued that capitalism brought higher living standards at the cost of deteriorating culture and that bigness especially large industries and large cities was unaffordable
Ernst Gräfenberg: {i} (1881-1957) medical doctor famous for his studies of the female sex organs and after whom the G-spot is named, inventor of the Gräfenberg ring (contraception device)
Ernst Haeckel: born Feb. 16, 1834, Potsdam, Prussia died Aug. 9, 1919, Jena, Ger. German zoologist and evolutionist. After receiving a degree in medicine in 1857, he obtained a doctorate in zoology from the University of Jena, and from 1862 to 1909 he taught zoology at Jena. His work concentrated on diverse marine invertebrates. Influenced by Charles Darwin, Haeckel saw evolution as the basis for an explanation of all nature and the rationale of a philosophical approach. He attempted to create the first genealogical tree of the entire animal kingdom. He proposed that each species illustrates its evolutionary history in its embryological development ("Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"). Through his theories of the evolution of humans, he brought attention to important biological questions. Through his numerous books, he was an influential popularizer of evolutionary theory
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel: born Feb. 16, 1834, Potsdam, Prussia died Aug. 9, 1919, Jena, Ger. German zoologist and evolutionist. After receiving a degree in medicine in 1857, he obtained a doctorate in zoology from the University of Jena, and from 1862 to 1909 he taught zoology at Jena. His work concentrated on diverse marine invertebrates. Influenced by Charles Darwin, Haeckel saw evolution as the basis for an explanation of all nature and the rationale of a philosophical approach. He attempted to create the first genealogical tree of the entire animal kingdom. He proposed that each species illustrates its evolutionary history in its embryological development ("Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"). Through his theories of the evolution of humans, he brought attention to important biological questions. Through his numerous books, he was an influential popularizer of evolutionary theory
Ernst Ingmar Bergman: born July 14, 1918, Uppsala, Swed. Swedish film writer-director. The rebellious son of a Lutheran pastor, he worked in the theatre before directing his first film, Crisis (1945). He won international acclaim for his films The Seventh Seal (1956) and Wild Strawberries (1957). He assembled a group of actors, including Max von Sydow and Liv Ullmann, and a cinematographer, Sven Nykvist, with whom he made powerful films often marked by bleak depictions of human loneliness, including Through a Glass Darkly (1961), Cries and Whispers (1972), Autumn Sonata (1978), and Fanny and Alexander (1982). He later wrote screenplays for The Best Intentions (1992) and Private Confessions (1996). Throughout his career Bergman continued to direct stage productions, usually at Stockholm's Royal Dramatic Theatre
Ernst Krenek: born Aug. 23, 1900, Vienna, Austria died Dec. 23, 1991, Palm Springs, Calif., U.S. Austrian-born U.S. composer. He studied composition from age 16 with Franz Schreker (1878-1934) and first gained attention with his atonal Second Symphony (1923). After a brief Neoclassical phase, he reestablished his radical credentials with the jazz-influenced satiric opera Johnny Strikes up the Band! (1926), which created a sensation. Intrigued by Arnold Schoenberg's 12-tone method (see serialism), he devised his own version which involved "rotation" of the set's order for the opera Karl V (1933), the first 12-tone opera. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1937 and taught at several institutions, but his large body of work remained more highly esteemed in Europe
Ernst Kretschmer: born Oct. 8, 1888, Wüstenrot, Ger. died Feb. 8, 1964, Tübingen, W.Ger. German psychiatrist. In his best-known work, Physique and Character (1921), he attempted to correlate body build and physical constitution with character and mental illness, identifying three physical types the pyknic (rotund), the athletic (muscular), and the asthenic (tall and thin) and claiming that different psychiatric disorders were associated with each. His system was later adapted by the American psychologist William H. Sheldon (1899-1977), who renamed the types endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph and focused on their associated personality traits. Both theorists' work entered into popular culture and generated further research
Ernst Lubitsch: born Jan. 28, 1892, Berlin, Ger. died Nov. 30, 1947, Hollywood, Calif., U.S. German-U.S. film director. He acted with Max Reinhardt's German stage company (1911-14) and in short film comedies, then turned to directing costume dramas that were the first German films shown abroad, including Passion (1919), Deception (1920), and The Loves of Pharaoh (1921), as well as comedies such as The Doll (1919) and The Oyster Princess (1919). He moved to Hollywood in 1923 and developed a style of sophisticated wit and unerring narrative timing the famous "Lubitsch touch" in successful comedies such as The Marriage Circle (1924), The Love Parade (1929), Trouble in Paradise (1932), Ninotchka (1939), The Shop Around the Corner (1940), To Be or Not to Be (1942), and Heaven Can Wait (1943)
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: born May 6, 1880, Aschaffenberg, Bavaria died June 15, 1938, near Davos, Switz. German painter, printmaker, and sculptor. He was among the founders of the Expressionist group Die Brücke. Kirchner's highly personal style, influenced by Albrecht Dürer, Edvard Munch, and African and Polynesian art, was noted for its psychological tension and eroticism. He used simple, powerfully drawn forms and often garish colours to create intense, sometimes threatening works, such as his two versions of Street, Berlin (1907, 1913). Highly strung and often depressed, he took his own life when the Nazis declared his work "degenerate
Ernst Mach: born Feb. 18, 1838, Chirlitz-Turas, Moravia died Feb. 19, 1916, Haar, Ger. Austrian physicist and philosopher. After earning a doctorate in physics in 1860, he taught at the Universities of Vienna and Graz as well as Charles University in Prague. Interested in the psychology and physiology of sensation, in the 1860s he discovered the physiological phenomenon known as Mach's bands, the tendency of the human eye to see bright or dark bands near the boundaries between areas of sharply differing illumination. He later studied movement and acceleration and developed optical and photographic techniques for measuring sound waves and wave propagation. In 1887 he established the principles of supersonics and the Mach number, the ratio of the velocity of an object to the velocity of sound. He also proposed the theory of inertia known as Mach's principle. In Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations (1886), he asserted that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience or observation
Ernst Mach: {i} (1838-1916) Austrian physicist and philosopher who presented the Mach number for the first time
Ernst Mayr: born July 5, 1904, Kempten, Ger. German-born U.S. biologist. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Berlin and immigrated to the U.S. in 1932. While curator of the American Museum of Natural History (1932-53), he wrote more than 100 papers on avian taxonomy. From 1953 to 1975 he taught at Harvard University. His early studies of speciation and of founder populations made him a leader in the development of the modern synthetic theory of evolution. In 1940 Mayr proposed a definition of species that won wide acceptance and led to the discovery of some previously unknown species. His influential works include Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942) and The Growth of Biology Thought (1982)
Ernst Moritz Arndt: born Dec. 26, 1769, Schoritz bei Gartz, Swed. died Jan. 29, 1860, Bonn, Ger. Swedish-born German prose writer, poet, and patriot. He rejected the Lutheran ministry at age 28 and eventually became a professor of history at Greifswald and Bonn. Among his important works is the huge Spirit of the Times, 4 vol. (1806-18), a bold call for political reforms that expressed German national awakening during the Napoleonic era. Not all of Arndt's poems were inspired by political ideas; Gedichte (1804-18) contains many religious poems of great beauty
Ernst Röhm: born Nov. 28, 1887, Munich, Ger. died July 1, 1934, Munich-Stadelheim German leader of the SA. He rose to the rank of major in World War I. Soon thereafter, he helped found the Nazi Party. A supporter of Adolf Hitler, he offered Hitler the use of his private strong-arm force (later the SA). After brief imprisonment for his part in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), Röhm went to Bolivia as a military instructor (1925-30), but he was recalled by Hitler to reorganize and command the SA. Röhm's ambition that the SA supplant or absorb the regular army came to be opposed by Hitler and his advisers. On the pretext that he and the SA were preparing to overthrow Hitler, Röhm was murdered during the Night of the Long Knives
Ernst Rüdiger prince von Starhemberg: born May 10, 1899, Eferding, Austria died March 15, 1956, Schruns Austrian politician. In 1930 he became leader of the fascist Austrian Heimwehr, a paramilitary defense force, and in 1932 he helped Engelbert Dollfuss form the right-wing coalition called the Fatherland Front. Appointed vice chancellor in 1934, he sought to maintain a fascist Austrian state that was independent of Nazi Germany. Differences with Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg resulted in Starhemberg's expulsion from the government (May 1936). He fled Austria after the Anschluss (1938). Following a brief period of service early in World War II in the British and Free French air forces, he lived in Argentina (1942-55) before returning to Austria
Ernst Stavro Blofeld: the most important enemy of James Bond in the novels by Ian Fleming
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann: orig. Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann born Jan. 24, 1776, Königsberg, Prussia died June 25, 1822, Berlin, Ger. German writer and composer, a major figure of German Romanticism. He initially supported himself as a legal official (the conflict between the ideal world of art and daily bureaucratic life is evident in many of his stories) and later turned to writing and music, which he often pursued simultaneously. His story collection Fantasy Pieces in the Style of Callot (1814-15) established his reputation as a writer. His later popular collections Hoffmann's Strange Stories (1817) and The Serapion Brethren (1819-21) combine wild flights of imagination with vivid examinations of human character. Hoffmann also worked as a conductor, music critic, and theatrical musical director. The most successful of his many original musical works were the ballet Arlequin (1811) and the opera Undine (performed 1816). He died at age 46 of progressive paralysis. His stories inspired notable operas and ballets by Jacques Offenbach (Tales of Hoffmann), Léo Delibes (Coppélia), Pyotr Tchaikovsky (The Nutcracker), and Paul Hindemith (Cardillac)
Ernst Walter Mayr: born July 5, 1904, Kempten, Ger. German-born U.S. biologist. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Berlin and immigrated to the U.S. in 1932. While curator of the American Museum of Natural History (1932-53), he wrote more than 100 papers on avian taxonomy. From 1953 to 1975 he taught at Harvard University. His early studies of speciation and of founder populations made him a leader in the development of the modern synthetic theory of evolution. In 1940 Mayr proposed a definition of species that won wide acceptance and led to the discovery of some previously unknown species. His influential works include Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942) and The Growth of Biology Thought (1982)
Albrecht Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst von Gräfe: born May 22, 1828, Berlin, Prussia died July 20, 1870, Berlin German ophthalmologist. Using Hermann von Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope, he developed several operations for eye disorders, including iridectomy (removal of part of the iris) for glaucoma and lens extraction for cataract. He traced blindness and visual defects in some cerebral disorders to optic-nerve inflammation. Gräfe sign (diagnostic for Graves disease) is failure of the upper eyelid to follow the eyeball when looking downward. His writings include a Manual of Comprehensive Ophthalmology (7 vol., 1874-80). He is considered the founder of modern ophthalmology
Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber: born Nov. 18, 1786, Eutin, Holstein died June 5, 1826, London, Eng. German composer. Son of a musician and a theatre manager, and first cousin to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's wife, he was born with a deformed hip and was never strong. He took composition lessons with Michael Haydn (1737-1806) and with Abbé Vogler (1749-1814), who recommended him for a post in Breslau (1804-06). His operas began to have success, and he took over direction of the Prague Opera (1813-16), which he saved from ruin, but finding little time for composition, he resigned. Showing signs of the tuberculosis that would kill him, he began to compose more prolifically. Appointed kapellmeister for life in Dresden, he began work on his masterpiece, the opera The Freeshooter (1821), the premiere of which made him an international star. The libretto for his next opera, Euryanthe (1823), was so clumsy that its admirable music never succeeded, and his final opera, Oberon (1826), composed for London, was a success there but not elsewhere
Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher: born Nov. 21, 1768, Breslau, Silesia, Prussia died Feb. 12, 1834, Berlin German theologian, preacher, and classical philologist. A member of the clergy from 1796, he taught at the University of Berlin from 1810 to his death. In On Religion (1799), he contended that the Romantics were not as far from religion as they thought. In 1817 he helped unite Prussia's Lutheran and Reformed churches. His major work, The Christian Faith (1821-22), is a systematic interpretation of Christian dogmatics. His work influenced theology through the 19th and early 20th centuries; he is generally recognized as the founder of modern Protestant theology
Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler: born Jan. 25, 1886, Berlin died Nov. 30, 1954, near Baden-Baden, W.Ger. German conductor and composer. After private composition studies with Joseph Rheinberger (1839-1901), he debuted in 1906. His revised Te Deum (1910) established him as a composer, and in 1917 his work as a guest conductor in Berlin earned him high praise. He succeeded Richard Strauss at the Berlin State Opera, and Arthur Nikisch (1855-1922) at the Leipzig Gewandhaus and Berlin Philharmonic, becoming especially associated with the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Richard Wagner. Though criticized for staying in Germany during the Nazi era, he was no friend of the regime, continuing to program modern music and helping Jewish musicians to escape. He was formally exonerated of complicity with the Nazis, but public hostility dogged his later years
John Ernst Steinbeck: born Feb. 27, 1902, Salinas, Calif., U.S. died Dec. 20, 1968, New York, N.Y. U.S. novelist. Steinbeck intermittently attended Stanford University and worked as a manual labourer before his books attained success. He spent much of his life in Monterey county, Calif. His reputation rests mostly on the naturalistic novels on proletarian themes that he wrote in the 1930s. Among them are Tortilla Flat (1935), In Dubious Battle (1936), Of Mice and Men (1937), and the acclaimed The Grapes of Wrath (1939, Pulitzer Prize), which aroused widespread sympathy for the plight of migratory farm workers. In World War II he served as a war correspondent. His later novels include Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl (1947), The Wayward Bus (1947), and East of Eden (1952). He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962
Karl Ernst Haushofer: born Aug. 27, 1869, Munich, Bavaria died March 13, 1946, Pähl, W.Ger. German officer and leading proponent of geopolitics. As an army officer in Japan (1908-10), he studied its expansionist policies in Asia and later wrote several books on Japan's role in 20th-century politics. After retiring from the army (1919), he founded the Journal for Geopolitics (1924) and taught at the University of Munich (1921-39). Haushofer's influence in military circles was considerable, and in World War II he attempted to justify Germany and Japan in their drives for world power. Investigated for war crimes after the war, he and his wife committed suicide
Karl Ernst knight von Baer: born Feb. 29, 1792, Piep, Est., Russian Empire died Nov. 28, 1876, Dorpat, Est. Prussian-born Estonian embryologist. Studying chick development with Christian Pander (1794-1865), Baer expanded Pander's concept of germ layer formation to all vertebrates, thereby laying the foundation for comparative embryology. He emphasized that embryos of one species could resemble embryos (but not adults) of another and that the younger the embryo, the greater the resemblance, a concept in line with his belief that development proceeds from simple to complex, from like to different. He also discovered the mammalian ovum. His On the Development of Animals (2 vol., 1828-37) surveyed all existing knowledge on vertebrate development and established embryology as a distinct subject of research
Konrad Ernst Ackermann: (baptized Feb. 4, 1712, Schwerin, Mecklenburg died Nov. 13, 1771, Hamburg) German actor-manager. After training with a theatre company that specialized in German adaptations of French plays, he led a troupe on tour throughout Europe in the 1750s. He became known for domestic drama and for playing roles that combined the comic and the sentimental. In 1765 he opened a theatre in Hamburg, considered the first German national theatre, and later turned its management over to his stepson, Friedrich L. Schröder (1744-1816), who brought Shakespeare to the German stage. See also actor-manager system
Max Ernst: (1891-1976) German surrealist painter, one of the founders of the dada movement, developer of the frottage technique
Max Ernst: a German painter who lived in Germany, France, and then the US. He was an important figure in Dadaism and surrealism (1891-1976). born April 2, 1891, Brühl, Ger. died April 1, 1976, Paris, Fr. German-born French painter and sculptor. He gave up studying philosophy and psychology at Bonn University for painting. After serving in World War I, he became the leader of the Dada movement in Cologne (1919), working in collage and photomontage. A characteristic work is Here Everything Is Still Floating (1920), a startlingly illogical composition made from cutout photographs of insects, fish, and anatomical drawings. In 1922 he settled in Paris and was among the founders of Surrealism. His work was imaginative and experimental; he pioneered the technique of frottage and experimented with automatism. After 1934 the irrational and whimsical imagery seen in his paintings appeared also in his sculpture. In 1941 he moved to New York City, where he joined his third wife, Peggy Guggenheim, and began collaborating with Marcel Duchamp. He returned to France in 1953 and continued to produce lyrical and abstract works
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck: born April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig died Oct. 4, 1947, Göttingen, W.Ger. German physicist. He studied at the Universities of Munich and Kiel, then became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Berlin (1889-1928). His work on the second law of thermodynamics and blackbody radiation led him to formulate the revolutionary quantum theory of radiation, for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1918. He also discovered the quantum of action, now known as Planck's constant, h. He championed Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, but he opposed the indeterministic, statistical worldview introduced by Niels Bohr, Max Born, and Werner Heisenberg after the advent of quantum mechanics. As the influential president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (later the Max Planck Society) until his resignation in 1937, he appealed to Adolf Hitler to reverse his devastating racial policies. His son was later implicated in the July Plot against Hitler and was executed
Sir Ernst Boris Chain: born June 19, 1906, Berlin, Ger. died Aug. 12, 1979, Ire. German-born British biochemist. With Howard Walter Florey he isolated and purified penicillin and performed the first clinical trials of the antibiotic. For their pioneering work, Chain, Florey, and Alexander Fleming shared a 1945 Nobel Prize. In addition to his work on antibiotics, Chain studied snake venoms, the spreading factor (an enzyme that aids the dispersal of fluids in tissue), and insulin. He was knighted in 1969

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ernst

تعريف ernst في ألمانية التركية القاموس.

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تعريف ernst في التركية التركية القاموس.

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تعريف ernst في الإنجليزية التركية القاموس.

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