O zamana kadar bütün dükkanları kapalı buldum.
- I found all the shops closed by that time.
O zamana kadar yağmur durursa biz saat ikide başlayacağız.
- We will start at two o'clock if it has stopped raining by that time.
Şimdiye kadar oraya varmalıydılar.
- They ought to have arrived there by this time.
... takes a very long time. ...
... but on an evolutionary time scale, they're very short. ...