louis-l

İngilizce - Türkçe

louis-l teriminin İngilizce Türkçe sözlükte anlamı
east saint louis: doğu saint louis
louis ix, king of france: dokuzuncu louis, fransa kralı

Türkçe - Türkçe

louis-l teriminin Türkçe Türkçe sözlükte anlamı
louis: Kanada'da bir göl
louis pasteur: Kuduz, şarbon ve tavuk kolerası aşılarını bulup uygulayan, pastörizasyon olarak bilinen yöntemi geliştiren, stereo kimyanın öncüsü olan, Fransız kimyacı ve mikrobiyolog

İngilizce - İngilizce

louis-l teriminin İngilizce İngilizce sözlükte anlamı
Louis: A male given name
No, Louis, no: it is an easy, liquid name, not soon forgotten..
Saint-Louis: Alternative spelling of St. Louis, a city in Missouri, USA
louis d'or: Any number of French coins first introduced by Louis XIII in 1640
It was a long, difficult business, for the coins were of all countries and sizes — doubloons, and louis-d'ors, and guineas, and pieces of eight, and I know not what besides, all shaken together at random.
louis d'ors: plural form of louis d'or
louis-d'or: {n} a French gold coin value about 4 dolls, 5 cents
Alfred Louis Kroeber: born June 11, 1876, Hoboken, N.J., U.S. died Oct. 5, 1960, Paris, Fr. U.S. anthropologist. Trained under Franz Boas (Ph.D., 1901), he later taught at the University of California at Berkeley. Kroeber's career nearly coincided with the emergence of academic, professionalized anthropology in the U.S. and contributed significantly to its development. He made valuable contributions to American Indian ethnology, New World archaeology, and the study of linguistics, folklore, kinship, and culture. His most influential books are considered to be Anthropology (1923) and The Nature of Culture (1952). His daughter, Ursula K. Le Guin (b. 1929), was a noted science fiction and fantasy writer
Antoine-Louis Barye: born Sept. 24, 1796, Paris, Fr. died June 29, 1875, Paris French sculptor. The son of a goldsmith, he was apprenticed at 13 to an engraver. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts (1818-23) and began to sculpt animal forms 1819. Influenced by Théodore Géricault, he had a unique talent for rendering dynamic tension and exact anatomical detail. His most famous works depict wild animals devouring their prey; he also rendered groups of domestic animals. His notable bronzes include Lion Devouring a Gavial Crocodile (1831) and an equestrian statue of Napoleon at Ajaccio, Corsica (1860-65)
Armand -Augustin-Louis marquis de Caulaincourt: born Dec. 9, 1773, Caulaincourt, France died Feb. 19, 1827, Paris French general and diplomat. He became aide-de-camp to Napoleon (1802) and was the emperor's loyal master of horse from 1804. He later served as ambassador to Russia (1807-11) and foreign minister (1813-14, 1815). Created duke de Vicence (1808), he was at Napoleon's side in his great battles. His Mémoires provide an important source for the period 1812 to 1814
Auguste and Louis Lumière: born Oct. 19, 1862, Besançon, France died April 10, 1954, Lyon born Oct. 5, 1864, Besançon, France died June 6, 1948, Bandol French inventors. In 1882 Louis developed a method of making photographic plates, and by 1894 the brothers' factory was producing 15 million plates a year. They worked on improving Thomas Alva Edison's Kinetoscope and patented their combination movie camera and projector, the Cinématographe, in 1895. Their film La Sortie des ouvriers de l'usine Lumière ("Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory"), which they showed to a paying audience in Paris in 1895, is considered the first motion picture. In 1896 the brothers, led by Louis, made more than 40 films recording everyday French life. They made the first newsreels, sending crews all over the world to shoot new material and show their films. In addition to the films he directed, Louis served as producer for some 2,000 films. The brothers also made basic innovations in colour photography
Augustin-Louis Baron Cauchy: born Aug. 21, 1789, Paris, France died May 23, 1857, Sceaux French mathematician, pioneer of analysis and group theory. After a career as a military engineer in Napoleon's navy, he wrote a treatise in 1813 that became the basis of the theory of complex variables. He also clarified the theory of calculus by developing the concepts of limits and continuity, laid the foundations for the mathematical theory of elasticity, and made important contributions to number theory. He is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the modern era
Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu: (1689-1755) French political philosopher and writer who greatly influenced the Enlightenment Movement
Charles-Auguste-Louis-Joseph duke de Morny: born Oct. 21, 1811, Paris, France died March 10, 1865, Paris French politician. Half brother of Louis-Napoléon (later Napoleon III), Morny devoted himself to Parisian society and to making a fortune before serving in the Chamber of Deputies (1842-48, 1849). Appointed minister of the interior in 1851, he organized the plebiscite that made Louis-Napoléon dictator. As president of the legislature (1856-65), he tried unsuccessfully to persuade Napoleon III to give France more liberty
Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu: born Jan. 18, 1689, Château La Brède, near Bordeaux, France died Feb. 10, 1755, Paris French philosophe and satirist. Born into a noble family, he held public office in Bordeaux from 1714. His satirical Persian Letters (1721) was hugely successful. From 1726 he traveled widely to study social and political institutions. His magnum opus, the enormous The Spirit of the Laws (1750), contained an original classification of governments by their manner of conducting policy, an argument for the separation of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and a celebrated but less influential theory of the political influence of climate. The work profoundly influenced European and American political thought and was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. His other works include Causes of the Greatness and Decadence of the Romans (1734)
Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de Montesquieu: born Jan. 18, 1689, Château La Brède, near Bordeaux, France died Feb. 10, 1755, Paris French philosophe and satirist. Born into a noble family, he held public office in Bordeaux from 1714. His satirical Persian Letters (1721) was hugely successful. From 1726 he traveled widely to study social and political institutions. His magnum opus, the enormous The Spirit of the Laws (1750), contained an original classification of governments by their manner of conducting policy, an argument for the separation of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and a celebrated but less influential theory of the political influence of climate. The work profoundly influenced European and American political thought and was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. His other works include Causes of the Greatness and Decadence of the Romans (1734)
Christian Louis Lange: {i} (1869-1938) Norwegian historian and pacifist, winner of the 1921 Nobel Peace Prize
Claude-Louis-Hector duke de Villars: v. born May 8, 1653, Moulins, France died June 17, 1734, Turin, Sardinia French soldier. He distinguished himself in France's war against the Dutch (1672-78) and in the War of the Grand Alliance. After leading French forces to early victories in the War of the Spanish Succession, he was made a marshal of France (1702) and a duke (1705). He continued successful military campaigns in Germany (1705-08), inflicted heavy losses on the duke of Marlborough's forces at Malplaquet (1709), and defeated Eugene of Savoy at Denain (1712). He served on the regency council for the young Louis XV. At the outbreak of the War of the Polish Succession, he was given the exceptional title of marshal general of France (1733) and sent to attack Austrian lands in northern Italy
East Saint Louis: A city of southwest Illinois on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis, Missouri. It is a railroad center with varied industries. Population: 40,944
East Saint Louis Race Riot: (July 1917) Outbreak of violence in East St. Louis, Ill. , sparked by the employment of African Americans in a factory holding government contracts. It was the worst of several attacks during World War I on African Americans newly employed in war industries. Some 6,000 African Americans were driven from their homes and 40 were killed; 8 whites were killed
East St Louis: city in Illinois (USA) on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River
Edmond -Louis-Antoine Huot de and Jules -Alfred Huot de Goncourt: born May 26, 1822, Nancy, France died July 16, 1896, Champrosay born Dec. 17, 1830, Paris died June 20, 1870, Auteuil French writers. The Goncourt brothers were enabled by a legacy to devote their lives largely to writing. They produced a series of social histories (from 1854) as well as a body of art criticism. The most lasting of their meticulously detailed naturalistic novels is Germinie Lacerteux (1864), which explores working-class life. Their published journals (kept 1851-96) represent both a revealing autobiography and a monumental history of social and literary life in 19th-century Paris. By his will Edmond established the Académie Goncourt, which annually awards the Prix Goncourt, one of France's preeminent literary prizes, to the author of an outstanding work of French literature
Erroll Louis Garner: born June 15, 1921, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. died Jan. 2, 1977, Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. pianist and composer, one of the most virtuosic and popular pianists in jazz. Garner was influenced by Fats Waller and was entirely self-taught. He spelled Art Tatum in the latter's trio in 1945 and subsequently formed his own three-piece group, achieving commercial success with Concert by the Sea (1958), one of the best-selling albums in jazz. Like Waller and Tatum, Garner was adept at performing both with a rhythm section and unaccompanied, often establishing great momentum with his sure sense of swing. His best-known composition is "Misty
Etienne Louis Malus: {i} (1775-1812) French artillery officer and physicist who discovered the polarization of light by reflection
Frederick Louis MacNeice: {i} (1907-1963) Irish born English poet
George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier: born March 6, 1834, Paris, France. died Oct. 6, 1896, London, Eng. British caricaturist and novelist. Forced to abandon painting for drawing when he was blinded in one eye, his skilled draftsmanship and engaging personality quickly established his success. His drawings for Punch, Once a Week, and The Leisure Hour were acute commentaries on the Victorian scene. His highly successful novel Trilby (1894), about an artist's model who falls under the spell of the musician Svengali, has entered popular mythology. His other novels were Peter Ibbetson (1891) and The Martian (1897). His granddaughter Daphne du Maurier was also a writer
Georges-Louis Leclerc comte de Buffon: born Sept. 7, 1707, Montbard, Fr. died April 16, 1788, Paris French naturalist. He studied mathematics, medicine, and botany until a duel forced him to cut short his studies. He settled on his family's estate, where he researched the calculus of probability, the physical sciences, and forest management. Appointed keeper of the royal botanical garden (Jardin du Roi) in 1739, he was also assigned the cataloging of the royal natural history collections, an undertaking that grew into his comprehensive work Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749-1804), an attempt to account for all known flora and fauna, of which he published 36 of the proposed 50 volumes before his death. He was ennobled in 1773
Heinrich Louis d'Arrest: {i} Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest (1822-1875), Danish astronomer (born in Berlin) who discovered Neptune in 1846 with John Galle
Henri -Louis Bergson: born Oct. 15, 1859, Paris, France died Jan. 4, 1941, Paris French philosopher. In Creative Evolution (1907), he argued that evolution, which he accepted as scientific fact, is not mechanistic but driven by an élan vital ("vital impulse"). He was the first to elaborate a process philosophy, rejecting static values and embracing dynamic values such as motion, change, and evolution. His writing style has been widely admired for its grace and lucidity; he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927. Very popular in his time, he remains influential in France
Henri Louis Bergson: {i} Henri Bergson (1859-1941), French philosopher and writer, winner of the 1927 Nobel prize for literature
Henry Louis Gates: born Sept. 16, 1950, Keyser, W.Va., U.S. U.S. critic and scholar. Gates attended Yale University and the University of Cambridge. He has chaired Harvard University's department of Afro-American Studies for many years. In such works as Figures in Black (1987) and The Signifying Monkey (1988) he has used the term signifyin' to represent a practice that can link African and African American literary histories; his other books include Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man (1998). He has edited many anthologies, including Reading Black, Reading Feminist (1990) and the Norton Anthology of African American Writers (1997), and has restored and edited many lost works by black writers. He writes frequently to a general public, notably in The New Yorker, and he wrote the television series Wonders of the African World (1999)
Henry Louis Gehrig: born June 19, 1903, New York, N.Y., U.S. died June 2, 1941, New York U.S. baseball player, one of the game's great hitters. Gehrig attended Columbia University before joining the New York Yankees. From 1925 to 1939 the left-handed first baseman played in a record 2,130 consecutive games. He earned the nickname "the Iron Horse" long before this streak was over; Gehrig's record was not broken until 1995 (see Cal Ripken). In 1932 Gehrig became the first player to hit four home runs in a single game, and he batted in 150 or more runs in a season seven times. In 1939 his physical abilities had begun to deteriorate and he took himself out of the lineup; he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which came to be known as Lou Gehrig's disease. He left baseball with a career batting average of .340 and 493 home runs. His 1,990 runs batted in place him third in history, behind Hank Aaron and Babe Ruth. On July 4, 1939, more than 60,000 Yankee fans turned out to recognize Gehrig's achievements and heard him deliver a speech in which he claimed to be the "luckiest man on the face of the earth." Gehrig was the first player to have his number (4) retired by his team
Henry Louis Gehrig: {i} Lou Gehrig (1903-1941), U.S. baseball player who died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, four-time winner of the Most Valuable Player award
Henry Louis Jr. Gates: born Sept. 16, 1950, Keyser, W.Va., U.S. U.S. critic and scholar. Gates attended Yale University and the University of Cambridge. He has chaired Harvard University's department of Afro-American Studies for many years. In such works as Figures in Black (1987) and The Signifying Monkey (1988) he has used the term signifyin' to represent a practice that can link African and African American literary histories; his other books include Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man (1998). He has edited many anthologies, including Reading Black, Reading Feminist (1990) and the Norton Anthology of African American Writers (1997), and has restored and edited many lost works by black writers. He writes frequently to a general public, notably in The New Yorker, and he wrote the television series Wonders of the African World (1999)
Henry Louis Mencken: born Sept. 12, 1880, Baltimore, Md., U.S. died Jan. 29, 1956, Baltimore U.S. controversialist, humorous journalist, and critic. Mencken worked on the staff of the Baltimore Sun for much of his life. With George Jean Nathan (1882-1958), he coedited The Smart Set (1914-23) and cofounded and edited (1924-33) the American Mercury, both important literary magazines. Probably the most influential U.S. literary critic in the 1920s, he often used criticism to jeer at the nation's social and cultural weaknesses. Prejudices (1919-27) collects many of his reviews and essays. In The American Language (1919; supplements 1945, 1948) he brought together American expressions and idioms; by the time of his death he was perhaps the leading authority on the language of the U.S
Henry-Louis Le Châtelier: born Oct. 8, 1850, Paris, France died Sept. 17, 1936, Miribel-les-Échelles French chemist. A professor at the Collège de France and the Sorbonne, he is best known for the principle of Le Châtelier, which makes it possible to predict the effect that a change in conditions (temperature, pressure, or concentration of components) will have on a chemical reaction. The principle, invaluable in the chemical industry in developing the most efficient and profitable chemical processes, may be stated thus: A system at equilibrium, when subjected to a perturbation, responds in a way that tends to minimize its effect. Le Châtelier was also an authority on metallurgy, cements, glasses, fuels, explosives, and heat
Herbert Louis Samuel 1st Viscount Samuel: born Nov. 6, 1870, Liverpool, Eng. died Feb. 5, 1963, London British politician. A social worker in the London slums, he entered the House of Commons in 1902, where he effected legislation that established juvenile courts and the Borstal system for youthful offenders. As postmaster general (1910-14, 1915-16), he nationalized the telephone system. Appointed the first British high commissioner for Palestine (1920-25), he improved the region's economy and promoted harmony among its religious communities. He presided (1925-26) over the royal commission on the coal industry and helped to settle the general strike of May 1926. He led the Liberal Party in the House of Commons (1931-35), and after being made viscount (1937), he was leader of the party in the House of Lords (1944-55). As president of the British (later Royal) Institute of Philosophy (1931-59), he wrote popular works such as Practical Ethics (1935) and Belief and Action (1937)
Herbert Louis Samuel 1st Viscount Samuel of Mount Carmel and of Toxeth: born Nov. 6, 1870, Liverpool, Eng. died Feb. 5, 1963, London British politician. A social worker in the London slums, he entered the House of Commons in 1902, where he effected legislation that established juvenile courts and the Borstal system for youthful offenders. As postmaster general (1910-14, 1915-16), he nationalized the telephone system. Appointed the first British high commissioner for Palestine (1920-25), he improved the region's economy and promoted harmony among its religious communities. He presided (1925-26) over the royal commission on the coal industry and helped to settle the general strike of May 1926. He led the Liberal Party in the House of Commons (1931-35), and after being made viscount (1937), he was leader of the party in the House of Lords (1944-55). As president of the British (later Royal) Institute of Philosophy (1931-59), he wrote popular works such as Practical Ethics (1935) and Belief and Action (1937)
Jacques-Louis David: born Aug. 30, 1748, Paris, France died Dec. 29, 1825, Brussels French painter. At 18 he entered the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. In 1775 he went to Rome and became a proponent of the Neoclassical style, but also studied the work of such 17th-century painters as Nicolas Poussin and Caravaggio. His work came to epitomize the late 18th-century Neoclassical reaction against the ornate Rococo style. Among his subjects were classical, historical, and mythological themes; he was also a great portraitist. He became the unchallenged painter of the French Revolution, and later was appointed official portraitist to Napoleon. He was also a founding member of the new Institut de France, which replaced the Royal Academy, and produced commemorative medals and other revolutionary propaganda. Among his masterpieces is The Death of Marat (1793), an expression of universal tragedy as well as a portrayal of a key event of the French Revolution. His influence on European art was pervasive; his pupils included Antoine-Jean Gros and J.-A.-D. Ingres
Jacques-Louis David: {i} (1748-1825) neoclassical French painter
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz: born May 28, 1807, Motier, Switz. died Dec. 14, 1873, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. Swiss-born U.S. naturalist, geologist, and teacher. After studies in Switzerland and Germany, he moved to the U.S. in 1846. He did landmark work on glacier activity and extinct fishes. He became famous for his innovative teaching methods, which encouraged learning through direct observation of nature, and his term as a zoology professor at Harvard University revolutionized the study of natural history in the U.S.; every notable American teacher of natural history in the late 19th century was a pupil either of Agassiz or of one of his students. In addition, he was an outstanding science administrator, promoter, and fund-raiser. He was a lifelong opponent of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. His second wife, Elizabeth Agassiz, cofounder and first president of Radcliffe College, and his son, Alexander Agassiz, were also noted naturalists
Jean- Louis Barthou: born Aug. 25, 1862, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, France died Oct. 9, 1934, Marseille French politician. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1889, he served in various conservative governments. He was appointed premier (1913) and secured the passage of a bill requiring three years' compulsive military service. He represented France at the Conference of Genoa, entered the Senate, and became chairman of the reparations commission. Named foreign minister in 1934, he was assassinated with King Alexander of Yugoslavia during the latter's visit to France
Jean-Joseph-Charles- Louis Blanc: born Oct. 29, 1811, Madrid, Spain died Dec. 6, 1882, Cannes, France French utopian socialist and journalist. In 1839 he founded the socialist newspaper Revue du Progrès and serially published his The Organization of Labour, which described his theory of worker-controlled "social workshops" that would gradually take over production until a socialist society came into being. He was a member of the provisional government of the Second Republic (1848) but was forced to flee to England after workers unsuccessfully revolted. In exile (1848-70), he wrote a history of the French Revolution and other political works
Jean-Louis Barrault: born Sept. 8, 1910, Le Vésinet, France died Jan. 22, 1994, Paris French actor and director. He made his acting debut in Paris (1931) and joined the Comédie-Française (1940-46) as an actor and director. He and his wife, Madeleine Renaud, formed their own company (1946-58) at the Théâtre Marigny. There they performed a mixture of French and foreign classics and modern plays that helped revive French theatre after World War II. He was appointed director of the Théâtre de France (1959-68) and later directed at several other Paris theatres (1972-81). He appeared in more than 20 films and was best known for his role in The Children of Paradise (1945)
Jean-Louis Trintignant: born Dec. 11, 1930, Piolenc, France French film actor. After leaving law school to study acting, he made his stage debut in 1951 and his film debut in 1956. He won favourable notice in And God Created Woman (1956) and gained international fame for his role as a race-car driver in A Man and a Woman (1966). Known for his reserved but intense screen persona, he conveyed the psychic conflicts of repressed characters in My Night at Maud's (1969), Z (1969), and, most strikingly, The Conformist (1970), among many other films. He worked sparingly in the 1980s and '90s because of poor health, but his role in Three Colours: Red won him acclaim
Jean-Louis-Xavier- François Darlan: born Aug. 7, 1881, Nérac, France died Dec. 24, 1942, Algiers French admiral. After graduating from the French naval school (1902), he rose through the ranks to become navy commander in chief (1939). After France's defeat by Germany in World War II, he entered Philippe Pétain's government as vice premier and foreign minister (1941-42), then became commander in chief of all Vichy France military forces. In 1942 he concluded an armistice with the Allies in Algiers, then was killed by an anti-Vichy assassin
Jean-Pierre -Louis Rampal: born Jan. 7, 1922, Marseille, France died May 20, 2000, Paris French flutist. From 1947 he appeared widely in chamber music and solo recitals. In the 1950s he founded his own chamber groups, while also playing in the pit at the Paris Opéra (1956-62). Works were written for him by Francis Poulenc and others. His sweetness of tone and virtuosity in a largely Baroque repertoire, as evidenced on many admired recordings, made him the first flutist to attain international stardom
Jesse Louis Jackson: orig. Jesse Louis Burns born Oct. 8, 1941, Greenville, S.C., U.S. U.S. civil rights leader. He became involved with the civil rights movement as a college student. In 1965 he went to Selma, Ala., to march with Martin Luther King, Jr., and began working for King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1966 he helped found the Chicago branch of Operation Breadbasket, the SCLC's economic arm; he was its national director from 1967 to 1971. Ordained a Baptist minister in 1968, he founded Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) in 1971. In 1983 he led a voter-registration drive in Chicago that helped elect the city's first African American mayor, Harold Washington. In 1984 and 1988 Jackson entered the Democratic presidential primary, becoming the first African American man to make a serious bid for the U.S. presidency; he received 6.7 million votes in 1988. In 1989 he moved to Washington, D.C. and was elected the city's unpaid "statehood senator" to lobby Congress for statehood. From the late 1970s Jackson gained wide attention through his attempts to mediate in various international disputes, including in the Middle East. In the late 1990s he faced allegations of financial misconduct, and in 2001 he admitted fathering a child out of wedlock
Joe Louis: a US boxer, known as 'the Brown Bomber', who was world heavyweight Champion from 1937 to 1949, which is the longest time that any boxer has held this title (1914-81). in full Joseph Louis Barrow born May 13, 1914, Lafayette, Ala., U.S. died April 12, 1981, Las Vegas, Nev. U.S. boxer. Louis was born into a sharecropper's family and only began boxing after the family moved to Detroit. He won the U.S. Amateur Athletic Union title in 1934 and turned professional that year. During his career he defeated six previous or subsequent heavyweight champions: Primo Carnera, Max Baer, Jack Sharkey, James J. Braddock, Max Schmeling, and Jersey Joe Walcott. Nicknamed "the Brown Bomber," Louis gained the world heavyweight championship by defeating Braddock in 1937 and held the title until 1949. Two of Louis's most famous bouts, those with the German boxer Max Schmeling, were invested with nationalist and racial implications, as Schmeling was seen, unfairly, as the embodiment of Aryanism and the Nazi party. Louis lost to Schmeling in 1936 but defeated him in one round in 1938, causing much jubilation among Americans, and especially African Americans. He successfully defended his title 25 times (21 by knockout) before retiring in 1949. His service in the U.S. Army during World War II no doubt prevented him from defending his title many more times. He made unsuccessful comeback attempts against Ezzard Charles in 1950 and Rocky Marciano in 1951
Joseph -Louis Gay-Lussac: born Dec. 6, 1778, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, France died May 9, 1850, Paris French chemist and physicist. He showed that all gases expand by the same fraction of their volume for a given temperature increase; this led to the devising of a new temperature scale whose profound thermodynamic significance was later established by Lord Kelvin. Taking measurements from a balloon flying more than 20,000 ft (6,000 m) high, he concluded that Earth's magnetic intensity and atmospheric composition were constant to that altitude. With Alexander von Humboldt, he determined the proportions of hydrogen and oxygen in water. He is remembered as a pioneer investigator of the behaviour of gases and techniques of chemical analysis and a founder of meteorology
Joseph-Louis Lagrange: later count de L'Empire born Jan. 25, 1736, Turin, Sardinia-Piedmont died April 10, 1813, Paris, France Italian-born French mathematician who made important contributions to number theory and to classical and celestial mechanics. By age 25 he was recognized as one of the greatest living mathematicians because of his papers on wave propagation (see wave motion) and maxima and minima (see maximum; minimum) of curves. His prodigious output included his textbook Mécanique analytique (1788), the basis for all later work in this field. His remarkable discoveries included the Lagrangian, a differential operator characterizing a system's physical state, and the Lagrangian points, points in space where a small body in the gravitational fields of two large ones remains relatively stable
Louis: given name, male
Louis: {i} male first name; family name
Louis: His mother served as regent until 1234, helping to subdue rebellious barons and Albigensian heretics (see Cathari). Louis led a Crusade (1248-50) in hopes of regaining Jerusalem and Damascus, but his troops were badly defeated by the Egyptians. On his return he reorganized the royal administrative system and standardized coinage. He built the extraordinary Sainte-Chapelle to house a religious relic believed to be Jesus' crown of thorns. Louis made peace with the English in the Treaty of Paris (1259), allowing Henry III to keep Aquitaine and neighboring lands but obliging him to declare himself Louis's vassal. He died of plague during a Crusade. The most popular of the Capetian kings, his reputation for justness and piety led the French to venerate him as a saint even before his canonization in 1297. known as Louis the Pious born April 16, 778, Chasseneuil, near Poitiers, Aquitaine died June 20, 840, Petersau, an island in the Rhine River near Ingelheim Frankish emperor (814-40). The son of Charlemagne, he was crowned coemperor with his father in 813 and became emperor in 814 on his father's death. As emperor, Louis implemented important religious and cultural reforms and formalized Carolingian relations with the pope. He also introduced a plan of succession that sought to preserve the integrity of the empire while respecting the Germanic tradition of dividing the realm among all heirs. The birth of the future Charles II (Charles the Bald) to his second wife, Judith, and alteration of the plan of succession provided Louis's older sons and a number of bishops with an excuse for rebellion. Twice deposed by his sons, he recovered the throne each time (830, 834), but at his death his surviving sons indulged in a bloody civil war that left the Carolingian empire in disarray. or Ludwig I born Aug. 25, 1786, Strasbourg, France died Feb. 29, 1868, Nice King of Bavaria (1825-48). The son of Maximilian I, Louis won early acclaim as a liberal and a German nationalist, but after his accession he feuded with the Diet and came to distrust all democratic institutions. By 1837 the reactionary Bavarian government had begun to erode the liberal constitution of 1818 that Louis had worked to establish. An outstanding patron of the arts, he collected the art works that fill Munich's museums and transformed Munich into the artistic centre of Germany. His planning created the city's present layout and classic style. He caused scandal by his affair with Lola Montez, and at the outbreak of the Revolutions of 1848 he abdicated in favour of his son Maximilian II. known as Louis the Younger born 1120 died Sept. 18, 1180, Paris King of France (1137-80). One of the Capetian kings, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1137, thus temporarily extending his kingdom to the Pyrenees. Doubtful of her fidelity, he had the marriage annulled in 1152 and, after the death of his second wife, married Alix of Champagne, who bore him his son and heir, Philip II Augustus. Eleanor married the future Henry II of England, who took control of Aquitaine and carried on a long rivalry with Louis (1152-74) marked by recurrent warfare and constant intrigue. Louis was joined by Conrad III in leading the Second Crusade (1147-49), which failed in all its objectives. known as Louis the Fat born 1081 died Aug. 1, 1137 King of France (1108-37). He was effective ruler of France well before the death of his father, Philip I, in 1108, and he spent much time in subduing the unruly French barons. He fought Henry I of England (1104-13, 1116-20) and prevented a threatened invasion by Emperor Henry V (1124). He died a month after arranging his son's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whereupon his son succeeded him as Louis VII. born Sept. 27, 1601, Fontainebleau, France died May 14, 1643, Saint-Germain-en-Laye King of France (1610-43). He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de Médicis. His mother was regent until 1614 but continued to govern until 1617; she arranged Louis's marriage to the Spanish Anne of Austria in 1615. Resentful of his mother's power, Louis exiled her, but Cardinal de Richelieu, her principal adviser, reconciled them in 1620. In 1624 Louis made Richelieu his principal minister, and the two cooperated closely to make France a leading European power, consolidating royal authority in France and fighting to break the dominant rule of the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War. Pro-Spanish Catholic zealots led by Marie de Médicis appealed to Louis to reject Richelieu's policy of supporting the Protestant states, but Louis stood by his minister and his mother withdrew into exile. France declared war on Spain in 1635 and had won substantial victories by the time Richelieu died in 1642. Louis was succeeded by his son Louis XIV. born June 27, 1462, Blois, France died Jan. 1, 1515, Paris King of France (1498-1515). He became king on the death of his cousin Charles VIII. He annulled his marriage to marry Charles's widow, Anne of Brittany, and to reinforce the union of her duchy with France. He continued France's part in the Italian Wars, often with disastrous results. He conquered Milan in 1499, then lost it, but was later recognized as duke of Milan by Emperor Maximilian I. He concluded a treaty with Ferdinand V that partitioned Naples (1500), but the two kings went to war and Louis lost all of Naples (1504). In 1508 he consolidated the League of Cambrai, but when the league fell apart in 1510 its members joined England in a Holy League against France, invading it several times. Despite his failures, Louis was highly popular with the French, who called him the "Father of the People
Louis: or Ludwig II also known as Mad King Ludwig born Aug. 25, 1845, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich died June 13, 1886, Starnberger See, Bavaria King of Bavaria (1864-86). The son of Maximilian II of Bavaria, he supported Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire in 1871 but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid seclusion. A lifelong patron of the composer Richard Wagner, he developed a mania for extravagant building projects; the most fantastic, Neuschwanstein, was a fairy-tale castle decorated with scenes from Wagner's operas. He drowned himself three days after he was formally declared insane. known as the Sun King born Sept. 5, 1638, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France died Sept. 1, 1715, Versailles King of France (1643-1715), ruler during one of France's most brilliant periods and the symbol of absolute monarchy of the Neoclassical age. He succeeded his father, Louis XIII, at age four, under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria. In 1648 the nobles and the Paris Parlement, who hated the prime minister, Cardinal Mazarin, rose against the crown and started the Fronde. In 1653, victorious over the rebels, Mazarin gained absolute power, though the king was of age. In 1660 Louis married Marie-Thérèse of Austria (1638-83), daughter of Philip IV of Spain. When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis astonished his ministers by informing them that he intended to assume responsibility for ruling the kingdom. A believer in dictatorship by divine right, he viewed himself as God's representative on earth. He was assisted by his able ministers, Jean-Baptiste Colbert and the marquis de Louvois. Louis weakened the nobles' power by making them dependent on the crown. A patron of the arts, he protected writers and devoted himself to building splendid palaces, including the extravagant Versailles, where he kept most of the nobility under his watchful eye. In 1667 he invaded the Spanish Netherlands in the War of Devolution (1667-68) and again in 1672 in the Third Dutch War. The Sun King was at his zenith; he had extended France's northern and eastern borders and was adored at his court. In 1680 a scandal involving his mistress, the marchioness de Montespan (1641-1707), made him fearful for his reputation, and he openly renounced pleasure. The queen died in 1683, and he secretly married the pious marchioness de Maintenon. After trying to convert French Protestants by force, he revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Fear of his expansionism led to alliances against France during the War of the Grand Alliance (1688-97) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14). Louis died at age 77 at the end of the longest reign in European history. born July 3, 1423, Bourges, France died Aug. 30, 1483, Plessis-les-Tours King of France (1461-83). He plotted against his father, Charles VII, and was exiled to Dauphiné (1445), which he ruled as a sovereign state until Charles approached its borders with an army (1456). Louis then fled to the Netherlands, returning to France to become king on his father's death in 1461. He fought rebellious French princes (1465) and made concessions to Charles the Bold (1468). Seeking to strengthen and unify France, he destroyed the power of the Burgundians in 1477. He regained control of Boulonnais, Picardy, and Burgundy, took possession of Franche-Comté and Artois (1482), annexed Anjou (1471), and inherited Maine and Provence (1481). born Aug. 23, 1754, Versailles, France died Jan. 21, 1793, Paris Last king of France (1774-92) in the Bourbon line preceding the French Revolution. In 1770 he married Marie-Antoinette, and in 1774 he succeeded to the throne on the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. Immature and lacking in strength of character, he was unable to give the necessary support to his ministers, including Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker, in their efforts to stabilize France's tottering finances. Restoration of the Parlements in 1774 shifted power to the aristocracy. Aristocratic opposition to the economic reforms of Charles-Alexandre de Calonne forced the king to summon the Estates-General in 1788, setting the Revolution in motion. Dominated by the reactionary court faction, he defended the privileges of the clergy and nobility. He dismissed Necker in 1789 and refused to sanction the achievements of the National Assembly. His resistance to popular demands was one cause for the royal family's forcible transfer from Versailles to the Tuileries palace in Paris. He lost credibility further when he attempted to escape the capital in 1791 and was caught at Varennes and returned to Paris. Thereafter he was dominated by the queen, who encouraged him to a policy of subterfuge instead of implementing the Constitution of 1791, which he had sworn to maintain. In 1792 the Tuileries was captured by the people and militia, and the First French Republic was proclaimed. When proof of his counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreigners was found, he was tried for treason. Condemned to death, he went to the guillotine in 1793. His dignity during his trial and execution only somewhat redeemed his reputation. born Feb. 15, 1710, Versailles, France died May 10, 1774, Versailles King of France (1715-74). An orphan from age three, Louis succeeded to the throne on the death of his great-grandfather Louis XIV (1715), under the regency of Philippe II, duke d'Orléans (1674-1723). His marriage to Princess Marie Leszczynska of Poland (1703-68) in 1725 led to France's involvement in the War of the Polish Succession (1733-38). He chose André-Hercule de Fleury as his chief minister in 1726, and his own influence became perceptible only after Fleury's death in 1744. Louis's mistresses, particularly the marchioness de Pompadour, held considerable political influence. Louis brought France into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) and the Seven Years' War (1756-63), by which France lost to Britain almost all its colonial possessions. As the crown's moral and political authority declined, the Parlements gained in power, preventing fiscal reform. The king died hated by his subjects. Henry Louis Aaron Agassiz Jean Louis Rodolphe Aragon Louis Louis Andrieux Armstrong Louis Barrault Jean Louis Barthou Jean Louis Barye Antoine Louis Berger Victor Louis Bergson Henri Louis Berlioz Louis Hector Blanc Jean Joseph Charles Louis Bonaparte Louis Botha Louis Bougainville Louis Antoine de Boullée Étienne Louis Braille Louis Brandeis Louis Dembitz Broglie Louis Victor Pierre-Raymond duke de Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc comte de Cauchy Augustin Louis Baron Caulaincourt Armand Augustin Louis marquis de Cavaignac Louis Eugène Céline Louis Ferdinand Louis Ferdinand Destouches Claudel Paul Louis Charles Marie Combes Justin Louis Émile Condé Louis II de Bourbon 4th prince de Daguerre Louis Jacques Mandé Darlan Jean Louis Xavier François Daubenton Louis Jean Marie David Jacques Louis Davout Louis Nicolas Prince d'Eckmühl Dewey Melville Louis Kossuth Du Buat Pierre Louis Georges du Maurier George Louis Palmella Busson East Saint Louis Race Riot Faidherbe Louis Léon César Farrakhan Louis Louis Eugene Walcott Robert Louis Fosse Frontenac Louis de Buade count de Palluau and de Garner Erroll Louis Gates Henry Louis Jr. Gay Lussac Joseph Louis Gehrig Henry Louis George Louis Géricault Jean Louis André Théodore Gottschalk Louis Moreau Guillemin Roger Charles Louis Hazeltine Louis Alan Hennepin Louis Ignarro Louis Joseph Jackson Jesse Louis Jesse Louis Burns Jolliet Louis Kahn Louis Isadore Jean Louis Lebris de Kerouac Kroeber Alfred Louis L'Amour Louis Louis Dearborn LaMoore La Hontan Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce baron de LaFontaine Sir Louis Hippolyte Baronet Lagrange Joseph Louis Le Châtelier Henry Louis Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor Louis Marie Julien Viaud Louis II Louis IV Louis the Bavarian Louis IX Louis I Louis the Pious Louis VII Louis the Younger Louis VI Louis the Fat Louis XIII Louis XIII style Louis XII Louis XIV Louis XIV style Louis XI Louis XV style Louis XVII Louis Charles Louis XVIII Louis Stanislas Xavier count de Provence Louis XVI Louis XVI style Louis XV Louis Joe Joseph Louis Barrow Louis Morris Morris Louis Bernstein Louis Philippe Lumière Auguste and Louis Lyautey Louis Hubert Gonzalve MacNeice Louis Maginot André Louis René Majorelle Louis Malle Louis Louis Georges Rothschild Mayer Louis Burt Mencken Henry Louis Morny Charles Auguste Louis Joseph duke de Musset Louis Charles Alfred de Orléans Louis Philippe Joseph duke d' Papineau Louis Joseph Pasteur Louis Port Louis Rampal Jean Pierre Louis Riel Louis Rohan Louis René Édouard prince de Louis Henri Jean Farigoule Saint Laurent Louis Stephen Saint Louis Saint Just Louis Antoine Léon de Salan Raoul Albin Louis Spohr Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Balfour Sullivan Louis Henry Louis Turkel Thiers Louis Adolphe Thurstone Louis Leon Tiffany Louis Comfort Trintignant Jean Louis William Louis Veeck Villars Claude Louis Hector duke de Louis Francis Cristillo Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart Goncourt Edmond Louis Antoine Huot de and Jules Alfred Huot de Montcalm de Saint Véran Louis Joseph de Montcalm Grozon marquis de Montesquieu Charles Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Mountbatten of Burma Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas prince of Battenberg Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte Louis Napoléon Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand de Grimaldi Samuel of Mount Carmel and of Toxeth Herbert Louis Samuel 1st Viscount. or Ludwig IV known as Louis the Bavarian born 1283, Munich, Ger. died Oct. 11, 1347, Munich German king (1314-47) and uncrowned Holy Roman emperor (1328-47). As the Luxembourg candidate for emperor, he was opposed by the Habsburg candidate Frederick III of Austria. Both men were elected and crowned king in 1314, and Louis's forces defeated Frederick's army in 1322. A conflict with Pope John XXII over the appointment of the imperial vicar in Italy led to his excommunication (1324). To placate his opponents, Louis agreed to rule jointly with Frederick, an arrangement that continued until Frederick's death (1330). He accepted the imperial crown from the Roman people instead of from the pope (1328) and backed the appointment of an antipope. In 1346 Pope Clement VI secured the election of a rival king, Charles of Moravia, and Louis died of a heart attack before finishing his preparations for war. or St. Louis born April 25, 1214, Poissy, France died Aug. 25, 1279, near Tunis, Tun.; canonized Aug. 11, 1297; feast day August 25 King of France (1226-70). He inherited the throne at age
Louis Agassiz: born May 28, 1807, Motier, Switz. died Dec. 14, 1873, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. Swiss-born U.S. naturalist, geologist, and teacher. After studies in Switzerland and Germany, he moved to the U.S. in 1846. He did landmark work on glacier activity and extinct fishes. He became famous for his innovative teaching methods, which encouraged learning through direct observation of nature, and his term as a zoology professor at Harvard University revolutionized the study of natural history in the U.S.; every notable American teacher of natural history in the late 19th century was a pupil either of Agassiz or of one of his students. In addition, he was an outstanding science administrator, promoter, and fund-raiser. He was a lifelong opponent of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. His second wife, Elizabeth Agassiz, cofounder and first president of Radcliffe College, and his son, Alexander Agassiz, were also noted naturalists
Louis Alan Hazeltine: born Aug. 7, 1886, Morristown, N.J., U.S. died May 24, 1964, Maplewood, N.J. U.S. electrical engineer and physicist. In the early 1920s he invented the neutrodyne circuit, which made commercial radio possible by neutralizing the noise that plagued all radio receivers of the time; by 1927 some 10 million radio receivers were using the device. Hazeltine later advised the U.S. government on regulation of radio broadcasting, and during World War II he served on the National Defense Research Committee
Louis Aragon: orig. Louis Andrieux born Oct. 3, 1897, Paris, Fr. died Dec. 24, 1982, Paris French poet, novelist, and essayist. He was introduced by André Breton into avant-garde circles, and the two cofounded the Surrealist review Littérature in 1919. From 1927 he was increasingly a political activist and spokesman for communism, which resulted in a break with the Surrealists. Among his works are the novel tetralogy Le Monde réel, 4 vol. (1933-44), describing the class struggle of the proletariat; the huge novel Les Communistes, 6 vol. (1949-51); novels of veiled autobiography; and volumes of poems expressing patriotism and love for his wife. He was editor of the communist weekly of arts and literature, Les Lettres françaises, 1953-72
Louis Armstrong: a US jazz musician, band leader, and singer, who played the trumpet and was also known as "Satchmo". He is one of the most important jazz musicians ever (1900-71). born Aug. 4, 1901, New Orleans, La., U.S. died July 6, 1971, New York, N.Y. U.S. jazz trumpeter and singer. As a youth in New Orleans, he participated in marching, riverboat, and cabaret bands. A childhood nickname, Satchelmouth, was shortened to Satchmo and used throughout his life. In 1922 he moved to Chicago to join King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band (see Dixieland). In 1924 he joined the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra in New York City; the following year he switched from cornet to trumpet and began recording under his own name with his Hot Five and Hot Seven ensembles. In these recordings the prevailing emphasis on collective improvisation gives way to his developing strength as soloist and vocalist. By the time of his "West End Blues" (1928), Armstrong had established the preeminence of the virtuoso soloist in jazz. His vibrant melodic phrasing, inventive harmonic improvisation, and swinging rhythmic conception established the vernacular of jazz music. His powerful tone, great range, and dazzling velocity set a new technical standard. He also was one of the first scat singers, improvising nonsense syllables in the manner of a horn. He became something more than a jazz musician: solo attraction, bandleader, film actor, and international star
Louis Armstrong: (1900-1971) eminent American jazz trumpet player and singer
Louis B Mayer: orig. Eliezer Mayer or Lazar Mayer born July 4, 1885, Minsk, Russian Empire died Oct. 29, 1957, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. Russian-born U.S. film executive. He immigrated to Canada and then the U.S. with his family and worked in his father's scrap-iron business from age
Louis B Mayer: {i} American film producer and pioneer of the motion picture industry (1885-1957), co-founder of "Metro Goldwyn Mayer
Louis B Mayer: He bought a small nickelodeon near Boston in 1907, and by 1918 he owned the largest chain of movie theatres in New England. He founded a film production company in Hollywood in 1917 and merged it with other companies to form MGM in 1925. Under his leadership, MGM became Hollywood's largest and most prestigious studio, aided by his artistic director, Irving Thalberg. Mayer had under contract many of the outstanding screen stars of the day, including Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, and Judy Garland. He was considered the most powerful Hollywood executive until his forced retirement in 1951. He was the chief founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Louis Barthou: born Aug. 25, 1862, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, France died Oct. 9, 1934, Marseille French politician. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1889, he served in various conservative governments. He was appointed premier (1913) and secured the passage of a bill requiring three years' compulsive military service. He represented France at the Conference of Genoa, entered the Senate, and became chairman of the reparations commission. Named foreign minister in 1934, he was assassinated with King Alexander of Yugoslavia during the latter's visit to France
Louis Blanc: born Oct. 29, 1811, Madrid, Spain died Dec. 6, 1882, Cannes, France French utopian socialist and journalist. In 1839 he founded the socialist newspaper Revue du Progrès and serially published his The Organization of Labour, which described his theory of worker-controlled "social workshops" that would gradually take over production until a socialist society came into being. He was a member of the provisional government of the Second Republic (1848) but was forced to flee to England after workers unsuccessfully revolted. In exile (1848-70), he wrote a history of the French Revolution and other political works
Louis Bonaparte: born Sept. 2, 1778, Ajaccio, Corsica died July 25, 1846, Livorno, Italy French nobleman and soldier. A brother of Napoleon, he accompanied Napoleon on the Italian campaign of 1796-97 and was his aide-de-camp in Egypt (1798-99). At Napoleon's insistence, he married Hortense de Beauharnais in 1802, but the union proved unhappy and did not last. Proclaimed king of Holland in 1806, he was criticized by Napoleon for being too easy on his subjects. His unwillingness to join the Continental System led him into conflict with Napoleon, and in 1810 he fled his kingdom and eventually settled in Italy. Napoleon III was his son
Louis Botha: born Sept. 27, 1862, near Greytown, Natal [South Africa] died Aug. 27, 1919, Pretoria, Transvaal First prime minister (1910-19) of the Union of South Africa. Botha was elected to the South African Republic's parliament in 1897, where he sided with moderates against Pres. Paul Kruger's hostile policy toward Uitlanders (non-Boer, mostly English, settlers). In the South African War he commanded southern forces besieging Ladysmith and then tried unsuccessfully to defend the Transvaal. As prime minister he sought earnestly to appease the English-speaking population and was bitterly attacked by Afrikaner nationalists. In World War I he acceded to British requests to conquer German South West Africa (Namibia)
Louis Braille: {i} (1809-1852) French educator (who became blind at the age of three) and inventor of the Braille system for the blind
Louis Braille: born Jan. 4, 1809, Coupvray, near Paris, France died Jan. 6, 1852, Paris French educator who developed the Braille system of printing and writing for the blind. Himself blinded at the age of three in an accident, he went to Paris in 1819 to attend the National Institute for Blind Children, and from 1826 he taught there. Braille adapted a method created by Charles Barbier to develop his own simplified system
Louis Brandeis: {i} (1856-1941) Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1916-1939), Zionist activist
Louis Brandeis: born Nov. 13, 1856, Louisville, Ky., U.S. died Oct. 5, 1941, Washington, D.C. U.S. jurist. The son of Bohemian Jewish immigrants, he attended schools in Kentucky and Germany before obtaining his law degree from Harvard (1877). As a lawyer in Boston (1877-1916), he was known as "the people's attorney" for his defense of the constitutionality of several state hours-and-wages laws, his devising of a savings-bank life-insurance plan for working people, and his efforts to strengthen the government's antitrust power. His work influenced passage in 1914 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. He also developed what came to be called the "Brandeis brief," in which economic and sociological data, historical material, and expert opinion are marshaled to support a legal argument. Appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States (1916), he was noted for his devotion to freedom of speech. Many of his minority opinions, in which he was often aligned with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., later were accepted by the court in the New Deal era. His appointment as the first Jewish justice was vigorously opposed by some business interests and anti-Semitic groups. He served until 1939. Brandeis University is named for him
Louis Burt Mayer: orig. Eliezer Mayer or Lazar Mayer born July 4, 1885, Minsk, Russian Empire died Oct. 29, 1957, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. Russian-born U.S. film executive. He immigrated to Canada and then the U.S. with his family and worked in his father's scrap-iron business from age
Louis Burt Mayer: He bought a small nickelodeon near Boston in 1907, and by 1918 he owned the largest chain of movie theatres in New England. He founded a film production company in Hollywood in 1917 and merged it with other companies to form MGM in 1925. Under his leadership, MGM became Hollywood's largest and most prestigious studio, aided by his artistic director, Irving Thalberg. Mayer had under contract many of the outstanding screen stars of the day, including Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, and Judy Garland. He was considered the most powerful Hollywood executive until his forced retirement in 1951. He was the chief founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Louis Caroll: pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), English mathematician and writer, author of "Alice in Wonderland
Louis Comfort Tiffany: (1848-1933) United States painter and interior decorator known for his lamps and vases of Favrile glass, son of jeweler Charles Lewis Tiffany
Louis Comfort Tiffany: born Feb. 18, 1848, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Jan. 17, 1933, New York City U.S. painter, craftsman, philanthropist, decorator, and designer. The son of the famous jeweler Charles Louis Tiffany (1812-1902), he studied painting with American painter George Inness and in Paris; he was a recognized painter before he began to experiment with stained glass in 1875. He founded a glassmaking factory in Queens, N.Y., in 1878. There he developed an iridescent glass he called Favrile, which achieved widespread popularity in Europe. After 1900 Tiffany's firm ventured into lamps, jewelry, pottery, and bibelots. He is internationally recognized as one of the greatest forces of the Art Nouveau style
Louis Daguerre: born Nov. 18, 1787, Cormeilles, Fr. died July 10, 1851, Bry-sur-Marne French inventor. Initially a scene painter for the opera, in 1822 he opened the Diorama, an exhibition of views with effects induced by changes in lighting. In 1826 Nicéphore Niepce learned of Daguerre's experiments in obtaining permanent pictures by the action of sunlight, and the two became partners in the development of Niepce's heliographic process until Niepce's death in 1833. Continuing to experiment, Daguerre discovered that exposing an iodized silver plate in a camera would create a lasting image if the latent image on the plate was developed and fixed. In 1839 a description of his daguerreotype process was announced at the Academy of Sciences
Louis Dembitz Brandeis: born Nov. 13, 1856, Louisville, Ky., U.S. died Oct. 5, 1941, Washington, D.C. U.S. jurist. The son of Bohemian Jewish immigrants, he attended schools in Kentucky and Germany before obtaining his law degree from Harvard (1877). As a lawyer in Boston (1877-1916), he was known as "the people's attorney" for his defense of the constitutionality of several state hours-and-wages laws, his devising of a savings-bank life-insurance plan for working people, and his efforts to strengthen the government's antitrust power. His work influenced passage in 1914 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act. He also developed what came to be called the "Brandeis brief," in which economic and sociological data, historical material, and expert opinion are marshaled to support a legal argument. Appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States (1916), he was noted for his devotion to freedom of speech. Many of his minority opinions, in which he was often aligned with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., later were accepted by the court in the New Deal era. His appointment as the first Jewish justice was vigorously opposed by some business interests and anti-Semitic groups. He served until 1939. Brandeis University is named for him
Louis Eugène Boudin: {i} (1824-1898) French painter who was one of the first landscape painters in France to paint in the open air
Louis Faidherbe: born June 3, 1818, Lille, Fr. died Sept. 29, 1889, Paris Governor of French Senegal (1854-61, 1863-65) and a founder of France's colonial empire in Africa. Faidherbe was trained as a military engineer and served in Algeria and Senegal before becoming the colonial governor of Senegal. Alarmed by the growing power of the Islamic leader Umar Tal, he took the offensive, driving off Umar Tal, subjugating the Moorish tribes in the north, and transforming his colony into the region's dominant power. In 1857 he founded the capital city of Dakar
Louis Farrahkan: the leader of the Nation of Islam, a black rights organization, since the 1970s. He was born in New York City, and his real name is Louis Eugene Walcott (1933- )
Louis Farrakhan: orig. Louis Eugene Walcott born May 11, 1933, Bronx, New York, N.Y., U.S. U.S. religious leader. He joined the Nation of Islam in 1955, and for a time he assisted Malcolm X in Boston. After the latter converted to Sunnite Islam, the two became enemies, and Farrakhan replaced Malcolm as minister of Mosque No. 7 in Harlem. He has repeatedly denied involvement in Malcolm's assassination, suspicions of which were based in part on an article he had published in a Muslim newspaper some months earlier. When W. Deen Muhammad, Elijah Muhammad's successor as leader of the Nation of Islam, gradually began integrating the organization into the orthodox Muslim community, Farrakhan broke away and formed his own organization, also called Nation of Islam (1978). A compelling orator whose rhetoric often fell into overt anti-Semitism, Farrakhan was nonetheless effective in encouraging African American self-reliance and unity. He was the main organizer of the Million Man March on Washington in 1995
Louis Farrakhan: (born 1933) United States black nationalist and controversial leader of the Nation of Islam
Louis Gerstner: Chairman of the IBM board of directors and former IBM chief executive officer (1993-2002)
Louis H Sullivan: Their 14-year association produced more than 100 buildings, many of them landmarks. Their first important work was the Auditorium Building in Chicago (1889), a load-bearing stone structure with a 17-story tower, unadorned on the arcaded exterior and dazzlingly rich on the interior. Their most important skyscraper is the 10-story steel-framed Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Mo. (1890-91); above its two-story base, the vertical elements are stressed and horizontals recessed, and it is capped by a decorative frieze and cornice. During this period the young Frank Lloyd Wright spent six years as apprentice to Sullivan, who would be a major influence on the younger architect. In 1895 Sullivan's partnership with Adler dissolved, and his practice began a steady decline. One of his few major commissions was the Carson Pirie Scott store in Chicago (1899-1904), noted for its broad windows and exuberant ornamentation. Sullivan's ornamentation was based not on precedent but on geometry and natural forms. He considered it obvious that building design should indicate a building's functions and that, where the function does not change, the form should not change; hence his influential dictum "form follows function
Louis H Sullivan: born Sept. 3, 1856, Boston, Mass., U.S. died April 14, 1924, Chicago, Ill. U.S. architect, the father of modern U.S. architecture. Sullivan was accepted at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris but was a restless student. After working for several Chicago firms, he joined the office of Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) in 1879, becoming Adler's partner at age
Louis Hennepin: born May 12, 1626, Ath, Belg. died after 1701, Rome?, Italy French missionary and explorer. A Franciscan, he traveled to Canada in 1675 with La Salle. They explored the Great Lakes region, founding Fort Crèvecoeur (near modern Peoria, Ill.) in 1680. When La Salle returned for supplies, Hennepin and others explored the upper Mississippi River. They were captured by Sioux Indians and taken to a site Hennepin named the Falls of St. Anthony (later Minneapolis); after four months they were rescued by Daniel DuLhut. Hennepin returned to France in 1682 and wrote an account of his journeys
Louis Henry Sullivan: a US architect who worked in Chicago and built some of the first skyscrapers (=very tall buildings) , such as the Wainwright Building in St Louis (1856-1924). born Sept. 3, 1856, Boston, Mass., U.S. died April 14, 1924, Chicago, Ill. U.S. architect, the father of modern U.S. architecture. Sullivan was accepted at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris but was a restless student. After working for several Chicago firms, he joined the office of Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) in 1879, becoming Adler's partner at age
Louis Henry Sullivan: Their 14-year association produced more than 100 buildings, many of them landmarks. Their first important work was the Auditorium Building in Chicago (1889), a load-bearing stone structure with a 17-story tower, unadorned on the arcaded exterior and dazzlingly rich on the interior. Their most important skyscraper is the 10-story steel-framed Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Mo. (1890-91); above its two-story base, the vertical elements are stressed and horizontals recessed, and it is capped by a decorative frieze and cornice. During this period the young Frank Lloyd Wright spent six years as apprentice to Sullivan, who would be a major influence on the younger architect. In 1895 Sullivan's partnership with Adler dissolved, and his practice began a steady decline. One of his few major commissions was the Carson Pirie Scott store in Chicago (1899-1904), noted for its broad windows and exuberant ornamentation. Sullivan's ornamentation was based not on precedent but on geometry and natural forms. He considered it obvious that building design should indicate a building's functions and that, where the function does not change, the form should not change; hence his influential dictum "form follows function
Louis IX: King of France (1226-1270) who led the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) and died in a subsequent crusade to Tunisia
Louis IX: {i} Saint Louis (1214-1270), king of France from 1226 to 1270
Louis Ignaro: {i} Louis J. Ignarro (born 1941), doctor and pharmacologist from Los Angeles (USA), winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1998
Louis Isadore Kahn: born Feb. 20, 1901, Osel, Estonia, Russian Empire died March 17, 1974, New York, N.Y., U.S. Estonian-born U.S. architect. He came to the U.S. as a child and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. One of the century's most original architects, Kahn turned from the International Style to a timeless, elegant Brutalism evocative of ancient ruins. His Richards Medical Research Building (1960-65) at the University of Pennsylvania isolated "servant" spaces (stairwells, elevators, vents, and pipes) in four towers distinct from "served" spaces (laboratories and offices). His fortresslike National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangl. (1962-74), utilized geometric shapes to admit light to its inner domed mosque. Like R. Buckminster Fuller, Kahn was concerned about wasteful use of natural resources; his urban-planning schemes proposed geodesic skyscrapers and huge car "silos." He taught at Yale University (1947-57) and the University of Pennsylvania (1957-74), where appreciation for his intellect gained him a cult status
Louis J Ignarro: born May 31, 1941, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S. U.S. pharmacologist. He earned a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. Along with Robert F. Furchgott and Ferid Murad, Ignarro was awarded a 1998 Nobel Prize for the discovery that nitric oxide acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. Ignarro concluded that the factor that Furchgott had named endothelium-derived relaxing factor was nitric oxide. This work uncovered an entirely new mechanism by which blood vessels in the body relax and widen. It was the first discovery that a gas could act as a signaling molecule in a living organism. The principle behind the drug Viagra, used to treat impotence, was based upon this research
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre: {i} (1789-1851) French painter and physicist, inventor of the daguerreotype
Louis Joliet: a French-Canadian explorer who, with Jacques Marquette, discovered the upper Mississippi River in 1673 (1645-1700)
Louis Jolliet: born before Sept. 21, 1645, probably Beaupré, near Quebec died after May 1700, Quebec province French Canadian explorer and cartographer. He led an expedition in the Great Lakes region in 1669. In 1672 he was commissioned by the governor of New France to explore the Mississippi in the company of Jacques Marquette and five others. In 1673 the party set out in birchbark canoes across Lake Michigan, following the Fox and Wisconsin rivers to the Mississippi, then down the Mississippi to its confluence with the Arkansas. They concluded that the river flowed south to the Gulf of Mexico and not, as hoped, into the Pacific Ocean. After their return, Jolliet explored areas of Hudson Bay and the Labrador coast
Louis Joseph Papineau: born Oct. 7, 1786, Montreal, Que. died Sept. 23, 1871, Montebello, Que., Can. Canadian politician. He was elected to the legislative assembly of Lower Canada (now Quebec) in 1808 and became its speaker in 1815. A leader of the French-Canadian Party, he opposed the British-dominated government of Lower Canada. In 1834 he helped draft the 92 Resolutions, a statement of French-Canadian demands and grievances. When the British governor rejected the resolutions, hostilities broke out. Papineau escaped to the U.S. and then to France, where he lived from 1839 to 1844. He returned to Canada under an amnesty in 1844 and served in the Canadian House of Commons from 1848 to 1854, though he never regained his leadership of the French-Canadians
Louis Kahn: born Feb. 20, 1901, Osel, Estonia, Russian Empire died March 17, 1974, New York, N.Y., U.S. Estonian-born U.S. architect. He came to the U.S. as a child and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. One of the century's most original architects, Kahn turned from the International Style to a timeless, elegant Brutalism evocative of ancient ruins. His Richards Medical Research Building (1960-65) at the University of Pennsylvania isolated "servant" spaces (stairwells, elevators, vents, and pipes) in four towers distinct from "served" spaces (laboratories and offices). His fortresslike National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangl. (1962-74), utilized geometric shapes to admit light to its inner domed mosque. Like R. Buckminster Fuller, Kahn was concerned about wasteful use of natural resources; his urban-planning schemes proposed geodesic skyscrapers and huge car "silos." He taught at Yale University (1947-57) and the University of Pennsylvania (1957-74), where appreciation for his intellect gained him a cult status
Louis L'Amour: orig. Louis Dearborn LaMoore born March 22, 1908, Jamestown, N.D., U.S. died June 10, 1988, Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. author of westerns. He left school at age 15 and traveled the world before beginning his writing career in the 1940s. He used pseudonyms, including Tex Burns and Jim Mayo, until Hondo (1953) became a successful film. His more than 100 works, mostly formula westerns that convincingly portray frontier life, have sold 200 million copies in 20 languages, and more than 30 including Kilkenny (1954), The Burning Hills (1956), Guns of the Timberland (1955), and How the West Was Won (1963) were the basis of films
Louis Leakey: {i} (1903-1972) British archaeologist and paleontologist, husband of Mary Leakey, father of Richard Leakey
Louis Leon Thurstone: born May 29, 1887, Chicago, Ill, U.S. died Sept. 29, 1955, Chapel Hill, N.C. U.S. psychologist. He taught primarily at the University of Chicago (1927-52). Concerned with the measurement of people's attitudes and intelligence, he was instrumental in the development of psychometrics. His principal work, The Vectors of the Mind (1935; revised as Multiple-Factor Analysis, 1947), presented the technique of multiple-factor analysis to explain correlations between results in psychological tests
Louis MacNeice: born Sept. 12, 1907, Belfast, Ire. died Sept. 3, 1963, London, Eng. British poet and playwright. He published his first book of poetry, Blind Fireworks (1929), while studying at Oxford. In the 1930s he became known as one of a group of socially committed young poets that included W.H. Auden, C. Day-Lewis, and Stephen Spender. His volumes include Autumn Journal (1939) and The Burning Perch (1963). He wrote and produced radio verse plays for the BBC, notably The Dark Tower (1947), with music by Benjamin Britten. Among his prose works are Letters from Iceland (1937; with Auden) and The Poetry of W.B. Yeats (1941)
Louis Majorelle: born 1859, Toul, France died 1926, Nancy French artist, cabinetmaker, and furniture designer. The son of a cabinetmaker, he was trained as a painter and studied under Jean-François Millet at the École des Beaux-Arts. After his father's death in 1879, he returned home to take charge of the family workshop. He moved from 18th-century reproductions to the developing Art Nouveau style and became one of its leading exponents. In his furniture he incorporated a flowing line into polished woods, highlighted by Art Nouveau bronze mounts
Louis Malle: born Oct. 30, 1932, Thumeries, France died Nov. 23, 1995, Beverly Hills, Calif., U.S. French film director. He made his first feature film, Frantic, in 1957. Malle gained commercial success with The Lovers (1958), starring Jeanne Moreau, and he became a leading figure in the French New Wave. In The Fire Within (1963), Thief of Paris (1967), Murmur of the Heart (1971), and Lacombe, Lucien (1973), he achieved emotional realism and stylistic simplicity. In 1975 he moved to the U.S., where he directed films such as Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with André (1981), Au revoir les enfants (1987), and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994)
Louis Moreau Gottschalk: born May 8, 1829, New Orleans, La., U.S. died Dec. 18, 1869, Rio de Janeiro, Braz. U.S. composer and pianist. He was exposed early to the music of New Orleans's Caribbean and Latin American population. Sent to France at age 13 to study music, he quickly became known throughout Europe as a piano virtuoso and a composer of exotic piano works. He returned in 1853 and toured the U.S., West Indies, and South America. Though he wrote operas and symphonies, he is known for his more than 200 piano pieces, including La Bamboula, Le Bananier, Le Banjo, L'Union, and The Dying Poet. Gottschalk was the first American pianist to achieve international recognition and the first American composer to employ Latin American and Creole folk themes and rhythms
Louis Mountbatten: a British politician and military leader, also known as Earl Mountbatten of Burma. In 1947 he became the last viceroy (=British governor) of India before its independence. He was killed by Irish terrorists (1900-79)
Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten: orig. Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg born June 25, 1900, Frogmore House, Windsor, Eng. died Aug. 27, 1979, Donegal Bay, off Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ire. British statesman and naval commander. Son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he entered the Royal Navy in 1913 and became an aide to the prince of Wales in 1921. In World War II he was allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943-46) and directed the recapture of Burma. Appointed viceroy of India (1947), he administered the transfer of power from Britain to the independent nations of India and Pakistan and served as the first governor-general of India (1947-48). He became first sea lord (1955-59) and chief of the United Kingdom Defense Staff (1959-65). In 1979, while on a sailing visit to Ireland, he was assassinated by Irish terrorists who planted a bomb on his boat
Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma: orig. Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg born June 25, 1900, Frogmore House, Windsor, Eng. died Aug. 27, 1979, Donegal Bay, off Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ire. British statesman and naval commander. Son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he entered the Royal Navy in 1913 and became an aide to the prince of Wales in 1921. In World War II he was allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943-46) and directed the recapture of Burma. Appointed viceroy of India (1947), he administered the transfer of power from Britain to the independent nations of India and Pakistan and served as the first governor-general of India (1947-48). He became first sea lord (1955-59) and chief of the United Kingdom Defense Staff (1959-65). In 1979, while on a sailing visit to Ireland, he was assassinated by Irish terrorists who planted a bomb on his boat
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III: {i} Napoleon III of France (1808-1873), first French president and third emperor (1848-1870), nephew of Napoleon I
Louis Pasteur: a French scientist who established the study of microbiology (=the study of very small living things such as bacteria ), and proved that disease can be caused by germs. He also studied fermentation (=the process by which substances change chemically and become filled with gas by the action of bacteria) , and invented the process of pasteurization. He also developed some vaccines (=substances that are put into people's bodies to protect them from diseases) (1822-95). born Dec. 27, 1822, Dole, France died Sept. 28, 1895, Saint-Cloud, near Paris French chemist and microbiologist. Early in his career, after studies at the École Normale Supérieure, he researched the effects of polarized light on chemical compounds. In 1857 he became director of scientific studies at the École. His studies of fermentation of alcohol and milk (souring) showed that yeast could reproduce without free oxygen (the Pasteur effect); he deduced that fermentation and food spoilage were due to the activity of microorganisms and could be prevented by excluding or destroying them. His work overturned the concept of spontaneous generation (life arising from nonliving matter) and led to heat pasteurization, allowing vinegar, wine, and beer to be produced and transported without spoiling. He saved the French silk industry by his work on silkworm diseases. In 1881 he perfected a way to isolate and weaken germs, and he went on to develop vaccines against anthrax in sheep and cholera in chickens, following Edward Jenner's example. He turned his attention to researching rabies, and in 1885 his inoculating with a weakened virus saved the life of a boy bitten by a rabid dog. In 1888 he founded the Pasteur Institute for rabies research, prevention, and treatment
Louis Pasteur: (1822-1895) nineteenth century French biologist and chemist, pioneer in bacteriology, creator of the Pasteur method for killing bacteria
Louis Riel: {i} (1844-1885) Canadian rebel and leader who assisted his metis people in a rebellion over their land rights in 1885 against the Canadian authorities in the west (the Canadian authorities captured him, he was tried for betrayal and then executed him by hanging)
Louis Riel: born Oct. 23, 1844, St. Boniface, Assiniboia, Can. died Nov. 16, 1885, Regina, District of Assinibois, Can. Canadian leader of the Métis people in western Canada. In 1869 Riel headed a revolt against Canadian expansion in the west that resulted in the establishment of the province of Manitoba (1870). Intermittent hostilities continued for several years thereafter, and Riel was officially outlawed. In 1885 he led a Métis uprising in Saskatchewan that was crushed by the Canadians. Riel was found guilty of treason and hanged. His death led to ethnic conflicts in Quebec and Ontario and marked the beginning of the nationalist movement
Louis Riel Day: {i} holiday celebrated in Canada on November 16th
Louis Saint Laurent: born Feb. 1, 1882, Compton, Que., Can. died July 25, 1973, Quebec, Que. Prime minister of Canada (1948-57). One of Canada's most prominent lawyers, he served in the Canadian House of Commons (1942-58) and in W.L. Mackenzie King's cabinet as minister of justice and attorney general (1942-46) and minister of external affairs (1945-48). As leader of the Liberal Party (1948), he succeeded King as prime minister. He promoted Canadian unity by equalizing provincial revenues and expanded social security and university education. He supported Canadian membership in NATO and helped establish the St. Lawrence Seaway
Louis Spohr: orig. Ludwig Spohr born April 5, 1784, Brunswick, Brunswick died Oct. 22, 1859, Kassel, Hesse German composer and violinist. He was kapellmeister in Kassel from 1822 and remained there the rest of his life, eventually directing all the city's music. Highly prolific, he wrote 15 violin concertos, 4 clarinet concertos, many operas (including Jessonda, 1823), 9 symphonies (including The Consecration of Sound, 1832), and chamber music. Highly respected as a performer and composer in the 19th century, he has since been largely neglected
Louis Stephen Saint Laurent: born Feb. 1, 1882, Compton, Que., Can. died July 25, 1973, Quebec, Que. Prime minister of Canada (1948-57). One of Canada's most prominent lawyers, he served in the Canadian House of Commons (1942-58) and in W.L. Mackenzie King's cabinet as minister of justice and attorney general (1942-46) and minister of external affairs (1945-48). As leader of the Liberal Party (1948), he succeeded King as prime minister. He promoted Canadian unity by equalizing provincial revenues and expanded social security and university education. He supported Canadian membership in NATO and helped establish the St. Lawrence Seaway
Louis XIII: King of France (1610-1643) who relied heavily on his political adviser Cardinal Richelieu to overcome familial insurgence and war with Spain and the Hapsburgs
Louis XIII style: Style of the visual arts produced in France during the reign of Louis XIII, including the regency of his mother, Marie de Médicis, who introduced much of the art of her native Italy. The Mannerism of Italy and Flanders was so influential that a true French style did not develop until the mid-17th century, when the influence of Caravaggio was assimilated by Georges de La Tour and the Le Nain brothers, and the influence of the Carracci brothers was extended by Simon Vouet, who trained the academic painters of the next generation. The sculpture of the period was undistinguished. The most prolific area of the arts was architecture. Here, too, the Italian influence is seen, as in the Palais de Justice at Rennes and the Luxembourg Palace in Paris, both designed by Salomon de Brosse, and the chapel of the Sorbonne in Paris, designed by Jacques Lemercier. The furniture of the period is typically massive and solidly built and commonly decorated with cherubs, ornate scrollwork, fruit-and-flower swags, and grotesque masks
Louis XIV: King of France (1643-1715). His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court and the expansion of French influence in Europe. Louis waged three major wars: the Dutch War (1672-1678), the War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697), and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). the King of France from 1643 to 1715. He was the called the 'Sun King' and his court at Versailles was very beautiful and expensively decorated. He supported important artists and writers, and people think of the time when he was King as a great period in French history (1638-1715)
Louis XIV: {i} Louis the fourteenth, 18th-19th century King of France
Louis XIV style: Style of the visual arts produced in France during the reign of Louis XIV. In 1648 Charles Le Brun founded the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, which rigidly dictated styles for the rest of the reign. The most influential painter was Nicolas Poussin, who forged the way for French Classicism (see Classicism and Neoclassicism). Sculpture reached a new zenith with the works of François Girardon and Pierre Puget. A national style in the decorative arts evolved through the Gobelin factory (see Gobelin family). Furniture was veneered, inlaid, heavily gilded, and commonly decorated with shells, satyrs, garlands, mythological heroes, and dolphins; the style is particularly associated with André-Charles Boulle. In architecture, Jean-Baptiste Colbert rigidly controlled the renovation of the Palace of Versailles, with landscaping by André Le Nôtre
Louis XV: King of France (1715-1774) who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
Louis XV: {i} (1710-1774) king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the Seven Years' War (great-grandson of Louis the fourteenth)
Louis XV style: Rococo style of French decorative arts during the reign of Louis XV, when artists produced exquisite decor for the homes of royalty and nobility. Emphasis was laid on the ensemble, so that paintings and sculptures became part of the decorative arts. The full range of richness in decorative techniques was represented superb carving, ornamentation of all types of metal, inlay work in exotic woods, metal, mother-of-pearl, and ivory, and exquisite lacquered chinoiserie that rivaled products from East Asia. Fantasy joined nature and Asian themes in providing decorative motifs. Notable artists and designers include Jean-Honoré Fragonard, François Boucher, and Jean-Baptiste Oudry
Louis XVI: {i} Louis the sixteenth (1754-1793), king of France from 1774 who was deposed in 1792, last king of France before the French Revolution, executed by guillotine in 1793 together with his wife Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI: King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. the King of France from 1774 to 1792. He and his wife Marie Antoinette were put in prison during the French Revolution, and were killed by having their heads cut off by the guillotine (1754-93)
Louis XVI style: Style of the visual arts produced in France from 1760 to the French Revolution. The predominant style in painting, architecture, sculpture, and the decorative arts was Neoclassicism a reaction against the excesses of the Rococo style and a response to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's call for "natural" virtue, as well as a response to the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The most prominent painter was Jacques-Louis David, whose severe compositions recalled the style of Nicolas Poussin. The foremost sculptor of the day was Jean-Antoine Houdon. The style in furniture was classical, yet workmanship was more complex than in any earlier period. Jean-Henri Riesener and other German craftsmen were among the most prominent cabinetmakers. See also Classicism and Neoclassicism
Louis XVII: orig. Louis-Charles born March 27, 1785, Versailles, France died June 8, 1795, Paris Titular king of France from 1793. The second son of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, he became heir to the throne on his brother's death, shortly after the outbreak of the French Revolution. In 1792 he was imprisoned with the rest of the royal family. When his father was beheaded in 1793, the French émigré nobility proclaimed Louis-Charles king. He died in prison at age 10, but the secrecy surrounding his last months gave rise to rumours that he was not dead, and over the next few decades more than 30 persons claimed to be Louis XVII. DNA tests in 2000 established that the child who died in 1795 was in fact the son of Louis XIV and Marie-Antoinette
Louis XVIII: King of France (1814-1824). His reign was interrupted by Napoleon (1815), but he returned to power after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in the same year. orig. Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, count de Provence born Nov. 17, 1755, Versailles, France died Sept. 16, 1824, Paris King of France by title from 1795 and in fact from 1814 to 1824. He fled the country in 1791, during the French Revolution, and issued counterrevolutionary manifestos and organized émigré-nobility associations. He became regent for his nephew Louis XVII after the 1793 execution of Louis XVI, and at the dauphin's death in 1795 he proclaimed himself king. When the allied armies entered Paris in 1814, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand negotiated the Bourbon Restoration and Louis was received with jubilation. He promised a constitutional monarchy, and the Charter of 1814 was adopted; after the interruption of the Hundred Days, when Napoleon returned from Elba, he resumed his constitutional monarchy. The legislature included a strong right-wing majority, and though Louis opposed the extremism of the ultras, they exercised increasing control and thwarted his attempts to heal the wounds left by the Revolution. He was succeeded at his death by his brother, Charles X
Louis de Buade count de Palluau and de Frontenac: born May 22, 1622, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France died Nov. 28, 1698, Quebec, New France French courtier and governor of New France (1672-82, 1689-98). Despite a record of misgovernment, he encouraged exploration that led to the expansion of the French empire in Canada. He established fur-trading posts that brought him into conflict with the Montreal fur traders and later expanded the posts west. He engaged in disputes with the officials and clergy of New France. The Iroquois Confederacy, which had remained on good terms with the French until 1675, turned against the French, and the colony was left defenseless. Louis XIV recalled Frontenac in 1682. Reappointed when the French and Indian War started (1689), he distinguished himself by repulsing British attacks on Quebec
Louis de Saint-Just: born Aug. 25, 1767, Decize, France died July 28, 1794, Paris French Revolutionary leader. In support of the French Revolution, he wrote the radical Esprit de la révolution et de la constitution de France (1791) and was elected to the National Convention in 1792. A close associate of Maximilien Robespierre and a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was elected president of the Convention in 1793 and sponsored the Ventôse (March) Decrees, which confiscated property of the Revolution's enemies and redistributed it to the poor. He led the victorious attack against the Austrians at Fleurus (in modern Belgium). A fanatical leader of the Reign of Terror, he was arrested in the Thermidorian Reaction and guillotined
Louis the fourteenth: {i} Louis XIV, 18th-19th century King of France
Louis the sixteenth: {i} Louis XVI (1754-1793), king of France from 1774 who was deposed in 1792, last king of France before the French Revolution, executed by guillotine in 1793 together with his wife Marie Antoinette
Louis- Adolphe Thiers: born April 18, 1797, Marseille, France died Sept. 3, 1877, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris French politician and historian. He went to Paris in 1821 as a journalist and cofounded the opposition newspaper National in 1830. In the July Revolution he supported Louis-Philippe and served as minister of the interior (1832, 1834-36) and premier and foreign minister (1836, 1840). A leader of the conservative moderates, he crushed all insurrections. Following the February Revolution, he helped elect Louis-Napoléon (later Napoleon III) president of the Second Republic. As a leader of the opposition (1863-70), he attacked Napoleon III's imperial policies. As president of the Third Republic (1871-73), he negotiated the end of the Franco-Prussian War and restored domestic order by crushing the Paris Commune. He also wrote major historical works, most importantly the huge History of the French Revolution (10 vol., 1823-27) and History of the Consulate and the Empire (20 vol., 1845-62)
Louis- Auguste Blanqui: born Feb. 1, 1805, Puget-Théniers, France died Jan. 1, 1881, Paris French socialist and revolutionary. A legendary martyr-figure of French radicalism, Blanqui believed that there could be no socialist transformation of society without a temporary dictatorship that would eradicate the old order. His activities, including the formation of various secret societies, caused him to be imprisoned various times for a total of more than 33 years. His disciples, the Blanquists, played an important role in the history of the workers' movement even after his death
Louis- Hector Berlioz: born Dec. 11, 1803, La Côte-Saint-André, France died March 8, 1869, Paris French composer. He studied guitar in his early years and later studied music at the Paris Conservatoire, against his parents' wishes. His first great score was the stormy Symphonie fantastique (1830), which became a landmark of the Romantic era. Impulsive and passionate, he was a contentious critic and gadfly constantly at war with the musical establishment. Though he was the most compelling French musical figure of his time, his idiosyncratic compositional style kept almost all his music out of the repertory until the mid-20th century. His works include the operas Benvenuto Cellini (1837) and Les Troyens (1858); the program symphonies Harold in Italy (1834) and Romeo and Juliet (1839); and the choral dramas La Damnation de Faust (1846) and L'Enfance du Christ (1854). He was also known as a brilliant conductor with an unsurpassed knowledge of the orchestra; his orchestration treatise (1843) is the most influential such work ever written
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville: born Nov. 11, 1729, Paris, France died Aug. 3, 1811, Paris French navigator. In 1764 he established a colony for France in the Falkland Islands. Commissioned by the government to circle the Earth in a voyage of exploration, he put to sea in 1766; after touching Samoa and the New Hebrides he continued west into waters not previously navigated by any European. He turned north on the fringes of the Great Barrier Reef and did not sight Australia. He stopped in the Moluccas and in Java before returning to Brittany in 1769. His widely read Voyage Round the World (1771) helped popularize a belief in the moral worth of people in their natural state. He was secretary to Louis XV (1772), led the French fleet in support of the American Revolution, and was named to the Legion of Honour by Napoleon. The plant genus Bougainvillea is named for him
Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce baron de La Hontan: born June 9, 1666, Mont-de-Marsan, France died 1715, Hannover, Hanover French army officer and explorer. He served in New France (1683-93), commanded Ft.-St.-Joseph (now Niles, Mich.), and explored territory along the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers (1688-89). In 1692 he stopped at Newfoundland and defended the French colonists at Plaisance against the English; after the governor there accused him of insubordination, he fled to Portugal in 1693 and thereafter remained in Europe. His New Voyages to North-America (1703) influenced the works of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jonathan Swift
Louis-Charles- Alfred de Musset: born Dec. 11, 1810, Paris, France died May 2, 1857, Paris French poet and playwright. A member of a noble family, Musset came under the influence of Romanticism in adolescence and produced his first work, Stories of Spain and of Italy, in 1830. After an early play failed, he published historical tragedies and comedies but refused to let them be performed. He is best remembered for his poetry, including light satirical pieces and poems of dazzling technical virtuosity, as well as passionate, eloquent lyrics such as "La Nuit d'octobre" (1837). A fitful love affair with George Sand inspired some of his finest work
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac: born Oct. 15, 1802, Paris, France died Oct. 28, 1857, Sarthe French general. He served with distinction in the French conquest of Algeria in the 1840s. In the Revolutions of 1848 he was appointed minister of war. In June he suppressed a workers' revolt, becoming known as "the butcher of June" (see June Days). That month he was named chief executive of France. In December he lost the presidential election to Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III) but remained a leader of the opposition
Louis-Hubert-Gonzalve Lyautey: born Nov. 17, 1854, Nancy, France died July 21, 1934, Thorey French soldier and first colonial administrator in Morocco under the protectorate (1912-56). Early in his career he served in French Indochina, Madagascar, and Algeria. As resident general in Morocco (1912-24), he pacified the colony and advocated the principle of indirect rule
Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton: born May 26, 1716, Montbard, Côte d'Or, Fr. died Jan. 1, 1800, Paris French naturalist. A prolific scientist, he completed many zoological descriptions and dissections and undertook productive studies in the comparative anatomy of recent and fossil animals, plant physiology, and mineralogy. He introduced Merino sheep to France
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm: {i} (1712-1759) general of French armed forces in Canada
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Grozon marquis de Montcalm: born Feb. 28, 1712, Château de Candiac, France died Sept. 14, 1759, Quebec French military leader. He joined the French army at age 12 and fought in several European conflicts. In 1756 he was placed in command of French troops in North America, but his commission excluded most military resources in Canada. He forced the British to surrender their post at Oswego and captured Fort William Henry (1757). At the Battle of Ticonderoga (1758), he repulsed an attack by 15,000 British troops with a force of just 3,800 men. Promoted to lieutenant general, he received authority over military affairs in Canada. In 1759 a British force of 8,500 troops under Gen. James Wolfe marched on Quebec; in the ensuing Battle of Quebec, Montcalm fought with conspicuous gallantry and was mortally wounded
Louis-Nicolas Prince d'Eckmühl Davout: born May 10, 1770, Annoux, France died June 1, 1823, Paris French general in the Napoleonic Wars. Despite his noble origins, in 1790 he led his regiment in a pro-Revolutionary revolt, and he performed with merit in the Belgian campaign of 1792-93. He accompanied Napoleon to Egypt (1798-99) and was promoted to division general. As a corps commander, he had a significant impact on the victories at Austerlitz (1805), Auerstedt (1806), Jena (1806), Eylau (1807), Eckmühl (1809), and Wagram (1809). Created a duke (1808) and prince (1809) by Napoleon, Davout served as minister of war during the Hundred Days
Louis-Philippe: known as the Citizen King born Oct. 6, 1773, Paris, France died Aug. 26, 1850, Claremont, Surrey, Eng. King of the French (1830-48). Eldest son of the duke d'Orléans, he supported the new government at the outbreak of the French Revolution and joined the Revolutionary army in 1792 but deserted during the war with Austria (1793) and lived in exile in Switzerland, the U.S., and England. He returned to France on the restoration of Louis XVIII and joined the liberal opposition. Following the July Revolution (1830) and Charles X's abdication, he was proclaimed the "Citizen King" by Adolphe Thiers and elected by the legislature. During the subsequent July Monarchy, he consolidated his power by steering a middle course between the right-wing monarchists and the socialists and other republicans but resorted to repressive measures because of numerous rebellions and attempts on his life. He strengthened France's position in Europe and cooperated with the British in forcing the Dutch to recognize Belgian independence. Mounting middle-class opposition to his arbritrary rule and his inability to win allegiance from the new industrial classes caused his abdication during the February Revolution of 1848
Louis-Victor duke de Broglie: born Aug. 15, 1892, Dieppe, France died March 19, 1987, Paris French physicist. A descendant of the de Broglie family of diplomats and politicians, he was inspired to study atomic physics by the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein. In his doctoral thesis he described his theory of electron waves, then extended the wave-particle duality theory of light to matter. He is noted both for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons and for his research on quantum theory. Einstein built on de Broglie's idea of "matter-waves"; based on this work, Erwin Schrödinger constructed the system of wave mechanics. De Broglie remained at the Sorbonne after 1924 and taught theoretical physics at the Henri Poincaré Institute (1928-62). He was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929 and UNESCO's Kalinga Prize in 1952
Louis-Victor -Pierre-Raymond duke de Broglie: born Aug. 15, 1892, Dieppe, France died March 19, 1987, Paris French physicist. A descendant of the de Broglie family of diplomats and politicians, he was inspired to study atomic physics by the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein. In his doctoral thesis he described his theory of electron waves, then extended the wave-particle duality theory of light to matter. He is noted both for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons and for his research on quantum theory. Einstein built on de Broglie's idea of "matter-waves"; based on this work, Erwin Schrödinger constructed the system of wave mechanics. De Broglie remained at the Sorbonne after 1924 and taught theoretical physics at the Henri Poincaré Institute (1928-62). He was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929 and UNESCO's Kalinga Prize in 1952
Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey: born Dec. 10, 1851, Adams Center, N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 26, 1931, Lake Placid, Fla. U.S. librarian. He graduated from Amherst College in 1874, whereupon he became acting librarian there. In 1876 he published A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library, in which he outlined the Dewey Decimal Classification system. He was one of the founders of the American Library Association and of Library Journal (both 1876). He set up the School of Library Economy, the first U.S. institution for training librarians. He also reorganized the N.Y. State Library (1889-1906) and established the system of traveling libraries and picture collections. A cofounder of the Spelling Reform Assn., he respelled his own name
Morris Louis: orig. Morris Louis Bernstein born Nov. 24, 1912, Baltimore, Md., U.S. died Sept. 7, 1962, Washington, D.C. U.S. painter. He studied painting at the Maryland Institute and worked as an easel painter for the WPA Federal Art Project. Inspired by Helen Frankenthaler's colour stain technique, in 1954 he began a series of paintings titled Veils, featuring stained vertical waves of colour; these works had an impersonal, nonpainterly quality. During this period he became associated with the New York school of Abstract Expressionism. His later work featured diagonal parallel streams of colour that flowed across the bottom corners of the picture plane. In his last series, Stripes, bunched, straight vertical bands of colour are surrounded by empty canvas
Paul -Louis-Charles-Marie Claudel: born Aug. 6, 1868, Villeneuve-sur-Fère, France died Feb. 23, 1955, Paris French poet, playwright, and diplomat. He converted to Catholicism at age
Paul -Louis-Charles-Marie Claudel: His brilliant diplomatic career began in 1892, and he eventually served as ambassador to Japan (1921-27) and the U.S. (1927-33). At the same time he pursued a literary career, expressing in poetry and drama his conception of the grand design of creation. He reached his largest audience through plays such as Break of Noon (1906), The Hostage (1911), Tidings Brought to Mary (1912), and his masterpiece, The Satin Slipper (1929); recurring themes in these works are human and divine love and the search for salvation. He wrote the librettos for Darius Milhaud's opera Christopher Columbus (1930) and Arthur Honegger's oratorio Joan of Arc (1938). His best-known poetic work is the confessional Five Great Odes (1910)
Pierre Louis Dulong: {i} (1785-1838) French chemist and physicist who formulated the Dulong-Petit law in 1819 together with Alexis Petit
Pierre-Louis-Georges Du Buat: born April 23, 1734, Tortisambert, France died Oct. 17, 1809, Vieux-Condé French hydraulic engineer. He compiled experimental data from which he determined his basic algebraic expression for discharge from pipes and open channels. Though valid only within the range of his experimental data, this equation provided the best means at the time of predicting the performance of water-supply systems and similar works. His emphasis on achieving results that would be of practical use strongly influenced the development of experimental hydraulics in the 18th-19th centuries
Port Louis: capital of Mauritius
Port Louis: City (pop., 2000: 148,506), capital, and main port of Mauritius. It was founded 1736 by the French as a port for ships rounding the Cape of Good Hope to and from Asia and Europe. With the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, the city's importance declined. It is the principal commercial centre of the island; its primary export is sugar
Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand de Grimaldi: {i} Rainier III (1923-2005), Prince of Monaco who reigned Monaco from 1949 to his death, husband of Grace Kelly
Raoul -Albin-Louis Salan: born June 10, 1899, Roquecourbe, France died July 3, 1984, Paris French military officer who sought to prevent Algerian independence. During a military career in which he became the French army's most decorated soldier, he served in France during World War I (1914-18), French West Africa (1941-44), French Indochina (1945-53), and Algeria (1956-62). Rebelling against Charles de Gaulle's decision to free Algeria, in 1961 he formed a right-wing extremist group, the Secret Army Organization, which terrorized France and Algeria. He was captured in 1962 and tried for treason
Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson: born Nov. 13, 1850, Edinburgh, Scot. died Dec. 3, 1894, Vailima, Samoa Scottish essayist, novelist, and poet. He prepared for a law career but never practiced. He traveled frequently, partly in search of better climates for his tuberculosis, which would eventually cause his death at age
Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson: He became known for accounts such as Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879) and essays in periodicals, first collected in Virginibus Puerisque (1881). His immensely popular novels Treasure Island (1883), Kidnapped (1886), and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), and The Master of Ballantrae (1889) were written over the course of a few years. A Child's Garden of Verses (1885) is one of the most influential children's works of the 19th century. In his last years he lived in Samoa and produced works moving toward a new maturity, including the story "The Beach of Falesá" (1892) and the novel Weir of Hermiston (1896), his unfinished masterpiece
Robert Louis Stevenson: {i} (1850-1894) Scottish author and poet, author of "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" and "Treasure Island
Robert Louis Stevenson: He became known for accounts such as Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879) and essays in periodicals, first collected in Virginibus Puerisque (1881). His immensely popular novels Treasure Island (1883), Kidnapped (1886), and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), and The Master of Ballantrae (1889) were written over the course of a few years. A Child's Garden of Verses (1885) is one of the most influential children's works of the 19th century. In his last years he lived in Samoa and produced works moving toward a new maturity, including the story "The Beach of Falesá" (1892) and the novel Weir of Hermiston (1896), his unfinished masterpiece
Robert Louis Stevenson: a Scottish writer whose books Treasure Island and Kidnapped are among the best-known adventure stories in English. He also wrote The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1850-94). born Nov. 13, 1850, Edinburgh, Scot. died Dec. 3, 1894, Vailima, Samoa Scottish essayist, novelist, and poet. He prepared for a law career but never practiced. He traveled frequently, partly in search of better climates for his tuberculosis, which would eventually cause his death at age
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin: born Jan. 11, 1924, Dijon, Fr. French-born U.S. physiologist. He and his colleagues discovered, isolated, and synthesized hypothalamic hormones that regulate thyroid activity, cause the pituitary to release growth hormone, and regulate the activities of the pituitary and the pancreas. He shared a 1977 Nobel Prize with Andrew V. Schally and Rosalyn Yalow. Guillemin is also known for his discovery of endorphins
Rudolph William Louis Giuliani: {i} Rudy Giuliani (born 1944), United States lawyer and politican, former mayor of New York City (1994-2001)
Saint Louis: {i} city in the state of Missouri (USA); Louis IX (1214-1270), king of France from 1226 to 1270
Saint Louis: City (pop., 2000: 348,189), east-central Missouri, U.S. Located on the Mississippi River below its confluence with the Missouri River, it was founded by Auguste Chouteau in 1764 as a trading post and was named for King Louis IX of France. It became the crossroads of westward expansion for exploring parties, fur-trading expeditions, and pioneers traveling the Santa Fe and Oregon trails. Since the 19th-century steamboat era and the arrival of the railroads in the 1850s, it has been a major transportation hub. Its diversified industries include brewing, food processing, and the manufacture of aircraft. The largest city in the state, it is home to many educational institutions, including Washington University and St. Louis University. The emblem of the city is its Gateway Arch, designed by Eero Saarinen
Saint Louis Park: A city of southeast Minnesota, an industrial suburb of Minneapolis. Population: 43,787
Saint Louis River: A river, about 257 km (160 mi) long, of northeast Minnesota flowing southwest then southeast to Lake Superior
Saint-Louis: {i} city of Senegal
Sir Louis Hippolyte Baronet LaFontaine: born Oct. 4, 1807, Boucherville, Lower Canada died Feb. 26, 1864, Montreal Canadian statesman. Called to the bar in Lower Canada in 1829, he began his political career the following year, when he was elected to the provincial assembly for Terrebonne. He supported French-Canadian grievances against the British but opposed the rebellions of 1837-38. After the union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841, he became the leader of Canada East (formerly Lower Canada). Appointed joint prime minister with Robert Baldwin (1842-43, 1848-51), he established responsible (i.e., representative) government for Canada. His Rebellion Losses Bill to compensate property owners for damages in 1837-38 provoked riots in Montreal but affirmed the strength of the government
Spirit of Saint Louis: name of airplane used by Charles Lindbergh during his first non-stop transatlantic flight in 1927
Spirit of St Louis: first airplane to be flown in a solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (by Charles Lindbergh in 1927)
Spirit of St. Louis: the aircraft in which Charles Lindbergh made the first flight by one person across the Atlantic Ocean
St Louis: city in Missouri (USA) on the western bank of the Mississippi River
St Louis: a city in the state of Missouri in the eastern central US, which is a port and an industrial centre. It is also famous for its jazz and blues music, and for the Gateway Arch, a very large arch built in the 1960s
Victor Louis Berger: born Feb. 28, 1860, Nieder-Rehbach, Austria-Hungary died Aug. 7, 1929, Milwaukee, Wis., U.S. Cofounder of the U.S. Socialist Party. He immigrated to the U.S. from Austria-Hungary in 1878, founded a German-language newspaper in 1892, and edited the Social Democratic Herald (later Milwaukee Leader) from 1898 to 1929. With Eugene V. Debs he founded the Social Democratic Party, which became the Socialist Party in 1901. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1911-13) as the first Socialist ever elected to Congress. Elected again in 1918, he was denied his seat after being convicted under the Espionage Act for opposing U.S. participation in World War I. His conviction was overturned, and he again served in the House (1923-29) and succeeded Debs as Socialist Party chairman (1927-29)
count de Provence Louis-Stanislas-Xavier: orig. Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, count de Provence born Nov. 17, 1755, Versailles, France died Sept. 16, 1824, Paris King of France by title from 1795 and in fact from 1814 to 1824. He fled the country in 1791, during the French Revolution, and issued counterrevolutionary manifestos and organized émigré-nobility associations. He became regent for his nephew Louis XVII after the 1793 execution of Louis XVI, and at the dauphin's death in 1795 he proclaimed himself king. When the allied armies entered Paris in 1814, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand negotiated the Bourbon Restoration and Louis was received with jubilation. He promised a constitutional monarchy, and the Charter of 1814 was adopted; after the interruption of the Hundred Days, when Napoleon returned from Elba, he resumed his constitutional monarchy. The legislature included a strong right-wing majority, and though Louis opposed the extremism of the ultras, they exercised increasing control and thwarted his attempts to heal the wounds left by the Revolution. He was succeeded at his death by his brother, Charles X
crab louis: lettuce and crabmeat dressed with sauce Louis
east saint louis: a town in southwest Illinois on the Mississippi across from Saint Louis
ile-st-louis: island in Paris on the Seine
louis: United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight campion for 12 years (1914-1981)
louis d'or: a former French gold coin
louis dor: Formerly, a gold coin of France nominally worth twenty shillings sterling, but of varying value; first struck in 1640
louis i: third son of Charlemagne and king of France and Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (778-840)
louis ii: king of France and Germany (846-879)
louis iii: son of Louis II and king of the France and Germany (863-882)
louis iv: king of France (921-954)
louis ix: king of France and son of Louis VIII; he led two unsuccessful crusades; considered an ideal medieval king (1214-1270)
louis quatorze: of France; as, Louis quatorze architecture
louis quatorze: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the art or style of the times of Louis XIV
louis v: the last Carolingian king of France (967-987)
louis vi: king of France whose military victories consolidated his reign (1081-1137)
louis vii: king of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180)
louis viii: king of France who increased the power of the crown over the feudal lords (1187-1226)
louis x: king of France (1289-1316)
louis xi: king of France who put down an alliance of unruly nobles and unified France except for Brittany (1423-1483)
louis xii: king of France who was popular with his subjects (1462-1515)
louis xiii: king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)
louis xiv: king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)
louis xv: grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)
louis xvi: king of France from 1774 to 1792; his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)
port louis: capital and chief port of Mauritius; located on the northwestern coast of the island
prince of Battenberg Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas: orig. Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg born June 25, 1900, Frogmore House, Windsor, Eng. died Aug. 27, 1979, Donegal Bay, off Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ire. British statesman and naval commander. Son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he entered the Royal Navy in 1913 and became an aide to the prince of Wales in 1921. In World War II he was allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943-46) and directed the recapture of Burma. Appointed viceroy of India (1947), he administered the transfer of power from Britain to the independent nations of India and Pakistan and served as the first governor-general of India (1947-48). He became first sea lord (1955-59) and chief of the United Kingdom Defense Staff (1959-65). In 1979, while on a sailing visit to Ireland, he was assassinated by Irish terrorists who planted a bomb on his boat
saint louis: the largest city in Missouri; a busy river port on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Missouri River; was an important staging area for wagon trains westward in the 19th century
saint louis: king of France and son of Louis VIII; he led two unsuccessful crusades; considered an ideal medieval king (1214-1270)
sao louis: a city on an offshore island in northeast Brazil
sauce louis: mayonnaise and heavy cream combined with chopped green pepper and green onion seasoned with chili sauce and worcestershire sauce and lemon juice

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dokuzuncu louis, fransa kralı: louis ix, king of france

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