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Karl

n.pr. m V şarl; — der Fünfte (deutscher Kaiser) şarl Ken; — der Zwölfte (von Schweden) Demirbas şarl; ^ der Große $arlma(y)n

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Karl

A male given name from the German and Scandinavian form of Charles. See also Carl

Karl

Karl Marx Stadt Abraham Karl Baedeker Karl Baer Karl Ernst knight von Barth Karl Benz Karl Friedrich Böhm Karl Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm Bruch Max Karl August Brugmann Friedrich Karl Bülow Bernhard Heinrich Martin Karl prince von Bultmann Rudolf Karl Karl Franz Josef Karl Albrecht Karl Johan Karl Gustav Chrysander Karl Franz Friedrich Czerny Karl Diesel Rudolf Christian Karl Dönitz Karl Karl Doenitz Eichmann Karl Adolf Karl Gustavovich Fabergé Ferdinand Karl Leopold Maria Frisch Karl von Gegenbaur Karl Gjellerup Karl Adolph Goerdeler Karl Friedrich Hardenberg Karl August prince von Haushofer Karl Ernst Heisenberg Werner Karl Hohenlohe Schillingsfürst Chlodwig Karl Viktor prince zu Humboldt Karl Wilhelm baron von Huysmans Joris Karl Jansky Karl Guthe Jaspers Karl Theodor Kautsky Karl Kraus Karl Lagerfeld Karl Lashley Karl Spencer Liebknecht Karl Lueger Karl Mannheim Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Moltke Helmuth Karl Bernhard count von Myrdal Karl Gunnar Nesselrode Karl Robert Vasilyevich Count Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Popper Sir Karl Raimund Radek Karl Bernhardovich Karl Sobelsohn Renner Karl Rokitansky Karl baron von Rundstedt Karl Rudolf Gerd von Savigny Friedrich Karl von Schinkel Karl Friedrich Schmidt Rottluff Karl Karl Schmidt Schwarzschild Karl Karl Wilhelm Siemens Stein Heinrich Friedrich Karl imperial baron vom und zum Karl August Rudolf Steinmetz Vierordt Karl von Wallenda Karl Weierstrass Karl Theodor Wilhelm Ziegler Karl Franz Albrecht August Karl Emanuel prince von Sachsen Coburg Gotha Karl Eitel Friedrich prince von Hohenzollern Sigmaringen Ruprecht Karl Universität Heidelberg Karl Peter Ulrich duke von Holstein Gottorp

Karl

from the German and Scandinavian form of Charles. See also Carl

Karl

{i} male first name (form of Charles)

Karl Count Nesselrode

born Dec. 13, 1780, Lisbon, Port. died March 23, 1862, St. Petersburg, Russia Russian statesman. After serving in the Russian diplomatic service, he acted as minister of foreign affairs (1822-56) and as chancellor (1845-62). He sought to influence the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Hünkâr skelesi (1833) and the Straits Convention (1841). He supported aid to Austria in suppressing the Hungarian uprising (1848). His policy of promoting Russia's influence in the Balkans helped precipitate the Crimean War. He negotiated the subsequent treaty at the Congress of Paris

Karl Abraham

born May 3, 1877, Bremen, Ger. died Dec. 25, 1925, Berlin German psychoanalyst. He helped establish the first branch of the International Psychoanalytic Institute in 1910 and pioneered the psychoanalytic treatment of manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder). He suggested that the sexual drive develops in six stages and that if development is arrested at any of the earlier stages, mental disorders will likely result from fixation at that level. His most important work was A Short Study of the Development of the Libido (1924)

Karl Adolf Eichmann

born March 19, 1906, Solingen, Ger. died May 31, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel German Nazi official. In 1932 he joined the Nazi Party and became a member of Heinrich Himmler's SS organization. In World War II he organized the identification, assembly, and transportation of Jews to Auschwitz and other death camps. In 1945 he was captured by U.S. troops but escaped and eventually settled in Argentina. In 1960 he was arrested near Buenos Aires and taken to Israel, where he was tried as a war criminal, with huge worldwide publicity, and hanged for his part in the Holocaust

Karl Adolf von Basedow

{i} (1799-1854) German physician, thyroid disorder was named after him (Basedow's disease)

Karl Adolph Gjellerup

born June 2, 1857, Roholte, Den. died Oct. 11, 1919, Klotzsche, Ger. Danish poet and novelist. The son of a parson, he studied theology, but after coming under the influence of Darwinism and the ideas of Georg Brandes, he considered himself an atheist, which he proclaimed in An Idealist (1878) and The Teutons' Apprentice (1882). In his later years he became interested in Buddhism and other Asian religions, and he wrote about reincarnation in The Pilgrim Kamanita (1906). He shared the 1917 Nobel Prize for Literature with Henrik Pontoppidan

Karl Alexander Müller

{i} K. Alex Müller (born 1927), Swiss physicist, 1987 Nobel Prize winner for Physics (together with J. Georg Bednorz) for his research and discovery of superconductivity

Karl August prince von Hardenberg

born May 31, 1750, Essenrode, near Gifhorn, Brunswick died Nov. 26, 1822, Genoa, Italy Prussian statesman who preserved the integrity of the Prussian state during the Napoleonic Wars. He won the abiding trust of Frederick William III in 1798 and served as foreign minister (1804-06). He was forced to withdraw from political life, at Napoleon's behest, after Prussia's collapse in the war of 1806-07 against France. When Prussia was faced with insolvency and could not pay war indemnities in 1810, Napoleon agreed to Hardenberg's reinstatement, and he became prime minister with full powers. He continued the domestic reforms introduced by Karl, imperial baron vom und zum Stein, and liberalized financial, economic, and agricultural policies. In foreign affairs he exchanged Prussia's alliance with France for an alliance with Russia in 1813, and in 1814-15 he represented Prussia at the peace negotiations in Paris and Vienna

Karl Baedeker

born Nov. 3, 1801, Essen, Duchy of Oldenburg died Oct. 4, 1859, Koblenz, Prussia German publisher. The son of a printer and bookseller, Baedeker started a firm at Koblenz in 1827 that became known for its guidebooks. His aim was to give travelers the practical information necessary to enable them to dispense with paid guides. A notable feature of the books was the use of "stars" to indicate objects and views of special interest and to designate reliable hotels. By the time of his death much of Europe had been covered by his guidebooks. Under the ownership of his sons the firm expanded to include French and English editions

Karl Barth

born May 10, 1886, Basel, Switz. died Dec. 9/10, 1968, Basel Swiss theologian. He studied at the Universities of Berlin, Tübingen, and Marburg, and in 1911-21 he was a pastor at Safenwil, Switz. The tragedy of World War I made him question the liberal theology of his teachers, rooted in post-Enlightenment ideas. With The Epistle to the Romans (1919) he inaugurated a radical turnaround in Protestant thought, initiating a trend toward neoorthodoxy. The work led to his appointment as professor at Göttingen (1921), Münster (1925), and Bonn (1930). He was a founder of the Confessing Church, which opposed the Nazi regime; when his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler cost him his chair at Bonn, he returned to Basel. He spoke at the opening of the World Council of Churches in 1948 and visited Rome following the Second Vatican Council

Karl Benz

a German engineer who built the first petrol-driven car in 1885. His factory later joined with one started by Gottlieb Daimler, and became the Mercedes-Benz car company (1844-1929). born Nov. 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Baden died April 4, 1929, Ladenburg, Ger. German mechanical engineer who designed and built the first practical automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine. The original car, his three-wheeled Motorwagen, first ran in 1885. Benz's company produced its first four-wheeled car in 1893 and the first of its series of racing cars in 1899. Benz left the company in 1906 to form another group with his sons. In 1926 the Benz company merged with the company started by Gottlieb Daimler

Karl Bernhardovich Radek

orig. Karl Sobelsohn born 1885, Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary died 1939? Russian communist politician. He took part in the Russian Revolution of 1905, then wrote for leftist newspapers in Poland and Germany (1906-14). After meeting Vladimir Lenin in 1915, he helped reorganize the German Communist Party in 1918. He returned to Russia in 1919 and rose to leadership in the Comintern but was ousted in 1924 for his support of Leon Trotsky. After recanting in 1929, he became a fervent Stalinist and editorial board member of Izvestiya (1931-36). Despite his conversion, he was arrested and tried in the purge trials and sentenced to 10 years in prison, where he died

Karl Brugmann

born March 16, 1849, Wiesbaden, Nassau died June 29, 1919, Leipzig, Ger. German linguist. A professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics, he belonged to the Neogrammarian school, which asserted the inviolability of phonetic laws and adhered to strict research methodology. Among the best known of his 400 publications are the two volumes on sounds and forms that he contributed to the Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1886-93)

Karl Böhm

born Aug. 28, 1894, Graz, Austria died Aug. 14, 1981, Salzburg Austrian conductor. Having risen from rehearsal pianist to chief conductor at the Graz Opera House, he was invited to conduct at the Munich Opera in 1921. As director of the Dresden State Opera (1934-42), he conducted numerous premieres. He had a long association with the Salzburg Festival (from 1938) and was especially admired for his interpretations of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His recordings and performances elicited admirable qualities of warmth, subtlety, and lyricism

Karl Czerny

A brilliant pianist, he later became a famous piano teacher; his students included Sigismond Thalberg (1812-71) and Franz Liszt. Though he was a prolific composer, he is known today almost exclusively for his hundreds of piano exercises and études

Karl Czerny

born Feb. 20, 1791, Vienna, Austria died July 15, 1857, Vienna Austrian composer, teacher, and pianist. Son of a musician, he made his piano debut at age 9 and began study with Ludwig van Beethoven at

Karl Dönitz

or Karl Doenitz born Sept. 16, 1891, Grünau-bei-Berlin, Ger. died Dec. 22, 1980, Aumühle, W.Ger. German admiral. After serving as a submarine officer in World War I, he oversaw the creation of the German U-boat fleet in the 1930s, thus violating the Treaty of Versailles. As the fleet's commander, he conducted the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II, then served as commander in chief of the navy (1943-45). He succeeded Adolf Hitler as Germany's leader in the last few days of the war and executed Germany's surrender to the Allies. Convicted of war crimes at the Nürnberg trials, he served 10 years in prison

Karl Ernst Haushofer

born Aug. 27, 1869, Munich, Bavaria died March 13, 1946, Pähl, W.Ger. German officer and leading proponent of geopolitics. As an army officer in Japan (1908-10), he studied its expansionist policies in Asia and later wrote several books on Japan's role in 20th-century politics. After retiring from the army (1919), he founded the Journal for Geopolitics (1924) and taught at the University of Munich (1921-39). Haushofer's influence in military circles was considerable, and in World War II he attempted to justify Germany and Japan in their drives for world power. Investigated for war crimes after the war, he and his wife committed suicide

Karl Ernst knight von Baer

born Feb. 29, 1792, Piep, Est., Russian Empire died Nov. 28, 1876, Dorpat, Est. Prussian-born Estonian embryologist. Studying chick development with Christian Pander (1794-1865), Baer expanded Pander's concept of germ layer formation to all vertebrates, thereby laying the foundation for comparative embryology. He emphasized that embryos of one species could resemble embryos (but not adults) of another and that the younger the embryo, the greater the resemblance, a concept in line with his belief that development proceeds from simple to complex, from like to different. He also discovered the mammalian ovum. His On the Development of Animals (2 vol., 1828-37) surveyed all existing knowledge on vertebrate development and established embryology as a distinct subject of research

Karl Franz Friedrich Chrysander

born July 8, 1826, Lübtheen, Mecklenburg died Sept. 3, 1901, Hamburg German musicologist. Trained as a schoolteacher, he soon became involved in music scholarship and published studies of folk song (1853). One of the founders of the discipline of musicology (with Philipp Spitta and Guido Adler), he wrote on a wide range of subjects, but his great project was the first edition of the complete works of George Frideric Handel, to which he devoted the years 1858-94

Karl Friedrich Benz

born Nov. 25, 1844, Karlsruhe, Baden died April 4, 1929, Ladenburg, Ger. German mechanical engineer who designed and built the first practical automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine. The original car, his three-wheeled Motorwagen, first ran in 1885. Benz's company produced its first four-wheeled car in 1893 and the first of its series of racing cars in 1899. Benz left the company in 1906 to form another group with his sons. In 1926 the Benz company merged with the company started by Gottlieb Daimler

Karl Friedrich Gauss

{i} (1777-1855) German mathematician and scientist, major contributor to number theory and electromagnetic theory

Karl Friedrich Goerdeler

born July 31, 1884, Schneidemühl, Ger. died Feb. 2, 1945, Berlin German politician. He served as second mayor of Königsberg (1920-30) and mayor of Leipzig (1930-37). A member of the rightist German National People's Party, he had to resign as mayor of Leipzig when his relations with the Nazi Party deteriorated. He collaborated with conservative generals led by Ludwig Beck against Hitler, after whose overthrow Goerdeler was to become chancellor. When the July Plot failed in 1944, he went into hiding, but was soon arrested by the Gestapo in Poland and hanged

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

born March 13, 1781, near Brandenburg, Brandenburg died Oct. 9, 1841, Berlin German architect and painter. As state architect of Prussia (from 1815), he executed many commissions for Frederick William III and other royal family members. He based his work on the revival of various historical styles. His mausoleum for Queen Louise (1810) and the brick and terra-cotta Werdersche Kirche, Berlin (1821-30), are among the earliest Gothic Revival designs in Europe. Other works include the Greek Revival Schauspielhaus (1818) and Altes Museum (1822-30), both in Berlin. In 1830 Schinkel became director of the Prussian Office of Public Works; his work as a city planner resulted in new boulevards and squares in Berlin. His Romantic-Classical creations in architecture, landscape painting, and other related arts such as stage sets and ironwork made him the leading arbiter of national aesthetic taste in his lifetime

Karl Gegenbaur

born Aug. 21, 1826, Würzburg, Bavaria died June 14, 1903, Heidelberg, Ger. German anatomist. A strong supporter of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, he showed that comparative anatomy supplies evidence of it. His Elements of Comparative Anatomy (1859) stressed that structural similarities in different animals, especially parts with a common origin (e.g., human arm, horse's foreleg, and bird's wing), give clues to their evolutionary history

Karl Gunnar Myrdal

born Dec. 6, 1898, Gustafs, Dalarna, Swed. died May 17, 1987, Stockholm Swedish economist and sociologist. He received his Ph.D. from Stockholm University and taught there from 1933 until 1967. His early work emphasized pure theory, but he later focused on applied economics and social problems. He explored the social and economic problems of African Americans in the U.S. (1938-40) and in 1944 published the classic study An American Dilemma, in which he presented his theory that poverty breeds poverty. In regard to development economics, he argued that rich and poor countries, rather than converging economically, might well diverge, the poor countries becoming poorer as the rich countries enjoyed economies of scale and the poor ones were forced to rely on primary products. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with Friedrich von Hayek. His wife, Alva Myrdal (1902-86), was a sociologist, diplomat, UN administrator, and antiwar activist; she shared the 1982 Nobel Peace Prize with Alfonso García Robles

Karl Guthe Jansky

born Oct. 22, 1905, Norman, Okla., U.S. died Feb. 14, 1950, Red Bank, N.J. U.S. engineer. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin and went to work for Bell Telephone Laboratories. Assigned to track down sources of static that could interfere with radiotelephone communication, he discovered (1931) the first extraterrestrial source of radio waves, emanating from the constellation Sagittarius in the direction of the Milky Way Galaxy's centre. The discovery proved that celestial bodies could emit radio waves and marked the beginning of radio astronomy

Karl Haushofer

born Aug. 27, 1869, Munich, Bavaria died March 13, 1946, Pähl, W.Ger. German officer and leading proponent of geopolitics. As an army officer in Japan (1908-10), he studied its expansionist policies in Asia and later wrote several books on Japan's role in 20th-century politics. After retiring from the army (1919), he founded the Journal for Geopolitics (1924) and taught at the University of Munich (1921-39). Haushofer's influence in military circles was considerable, and in World War II he attempted to justify Germany and Japan in their drives for world power. Investigated for war crimes after the war, he and his wife committed suicide

Karl Heinrich Marx

born May 5, 1818, Trier, Rhine province, Prussia [Ger.] died March 14, 1883, London, Eng. German political philosopher, economic theorist, and revolutionary. He studied humanities at the University of Bonn (1835) and law and philosophy at the University of Berlin (1836-41), where he was exposed to the works of G.W.F. Hegel. Working as a writer in Cologne and Paris (1842-45), he became active in leftist politics. In Paris he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. Expelled from France in 1845, he moved to Brussels, where his political orientation matured and he and Engels made names for themselves through their writings. Marx was invited to join a secret left-wing group in London, for which he and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848). In that same year, Marx organized the first Rhineland Democratic Congress in Germany and opposed the king of Prussia when he dissolved the Prussian Assembly. Exiled, he moved to London in 1849, where he spent the rest of his life. He worked part-time as a European correspondent for the New York Tribune (1851-62) while writing his major critique of capitalism, Das Kapital (3 vol., 1867-94). He was a leading figure in the First International from 1864 until the defection of Mikhail Bakunin in 1872. See also Marxism; communism; dialectical materialism

Karl Jansky

born Oct. 22, 1905, Norman, Okla., U.S. died Feb. 14, 1950, Red Bank, N.J. U.S. engineer. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin and went to work for Bell Telephone Laboratories. Assigned to track down sources of static that could interfere with radiotelephone communication, he discovered (1931) the first extraterrestrial source of radio waves, emanating from the constellation Sagittarius in the direction of the Milky Way Galaxy's centre. The discovery proved that celestial bodies could emit radio waves and marked the beginning of radio astronomy

Karl Jaspers

born Feb. 23, 1883, Oldenburg, Ger. died Feb. 26, 1969, Basel, Switz. German-Swiss philosopher and psychiatrist. As a research psychiatrist, he helped establish psychopathology on a rigorous, scientifically descriptive basis, especially in his General Psychopathology (1913). He taught philosophy at the University of Heidelberg from 1921 until 1937, when the Nazi regime forbade him to work. From 1948 he lived in Switzerland, teaching at the University of Basel. In his magnum opus, Philosophy (3 vol., 1969), he argued that the aim of philosophy is practical; its purpose is the fulfillment of human existence (Existenz). For Jaspers, philosophical illumination is achieved in the experience of limit situations, such as conflict, guilt, and suffering, that define the human condition. In its confrontation with these extremes mankind achieves its existential humanity. He is one of the most important figures of existentialism

Karl Kautsky

born Oct. 16, 1854, Prague, Bohemia died October 17, 1938, Amsterdam, Neth. German Marxist theorist and leader. He was the author of the Erfurt Program adopted by Germany's Social Democrat Party in 1891, which committed the party to an evolutionary form of Marxism that rejected both the radicalism of Rosa Luxemburg and the evolutionary socialism of Eduard Bernstein. He founded the Marxist review Neue Zeit in 1883, which he edited in various European cities until 1917, and wrote several books about Marx's doctrines and about St. Thomas More. He joined the Independent Social Democrats in opposing World War I

Karl Kraus

born April 28, 1874, Gitschin, Bohemia died June 12, 1936, Vienna, Austria Austrian journalist, critic, playwright, and poet. In 1899 he founded Die Fackel, a literary and political review, and by 1911 he had become its sole author; he continued to publish it until the year of his death. Believing that language was of great moral and aesthetic importance, he wrote with masterly precision, and his writings exercised wide influence. His works, which are almost untranslatably idiomatic, include Morality and Criminality (an essay collection, 1908), Proverbs and Contradictions (a collection of aphorisms, 1909), and The Last Days of Humanity (a lengthy satirical drama, 1922)

Karl Lagerfeld

born Sept. 10, 1938, Hamburg, Ger. German fashion designer. After moving to Paris at age 14, he went on to create designs for such established labels as Pierre Balmain, Chloe, Valentino, and Fendi. He is best known as the creative power behind the modern revival of the house of Chanel, which he joined in 1983. Lagerfeld consistently managed to merge the spirit of the times with the chic, timeless identity established by the house's founder, Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel, making Chanel one of the most coveted and influential labels in late 20th-century fashion

Karl Liebknecht

{i} (1871-1919) German socialist and leader of the Spartacus party

Karl Liebknecht

born Aug. 13, 1871, Leipzig, Ger. died Jan. 15, 1919, Berlin German socialist leader. Son of Wilhelm Liebknecht, he became a lawyer and a Marxist. In 1912 he entered the Reichstag and led the opposition to Germany's pre-World War I policy. In 1916 he was expelled from the Social Democratic Party for opposing its leadership and came into close alliance with Rosa Luxemburg, with whom he founded the Spartacists. He was imprisoned (1916-18) for advocating the overthrow of the government. In 1918 he played a leading role in forming the German Communist Party. A series of bloody clashes culminated in the January 1919 putsch in which Liebknecht resorted to force; he was shot on the pretext that he was attempting to escape arrest

Karl Linné

{i} original name of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), Swedish botanist and naturalist who founded the taxonomical biological system of classification

Karl Lueger

born Oct. 24, 1844, Vienna, Austria died March 10, 1910, Vienna Austrian politician. He was elected to the Vienna city council (1875) and to the Austrian parliament (1885), and he cofounded the Christian Social Party (1889). He effectively used the prevalent anti-Semitic and German nationalist currents in Vienna to advance his political objectives. He was elected mayor of Vienna in 1895 and transformed the Austrian capital into a modern city, bringing streetcars, electricity, and gas under city government control. He also developed parks, schools, and hospitals. He was instrumental in introducing universal suffrage in Austria (1907)

Karl Mannheim

born March 27, 1893, Budapest, Austria-Hungary died Jan. 9, 1947, London, Eng. Hungarian sociologist. Mannheim taught in Germany (University of Heidelberg, 1926-30; Frankfurt am Main, 1930-33) before the rise of Adolph Hitler. He was invited to England by political scientist Harold Laski and for the rest of his career taught there (London School of Economics, 1933-43; University of London, 1943-47). He helped found the sociology of knowledge, the study of how knowledge is produced and maintained in societies. He emphasized the role that ideology plays in shaping knowledge, a view he discussed in his major work, Ideology and Utopia (1929)

Karl Marx

founder of socialism, published the "Communist Manifesto" with Engels

Karl Marx

a German writer and political philosopher whose ideas have had an important influence on politics in the 20th century. He established the principles of communism in The Communist Manifesto, which he wrote with Friedrich Engels in 1848. He wrote his most important book Das Kapital in London (1818-83). born May 5, 1818, Trier, Rhine province, Prussia [Ger.] died March 14, 1883, London, Eng. German political philosopher, economic theorist, and revolutionary. He studied humanities at the University of Bonn (1835) and law and philosophy at the University of Berlin (1836-41), where he was exposed to the works of G.W.F. Hegel. Working as a writer in Cologne and Paris (1842-45), he became active in leftist politics. In Paris he met Friedrich Engels, who would become his lifelong collaborator. Expelled from France in 1845, he moved to Brussels, where his political orientation matured and he and Engels made names for themselves through their writings. Marx was invited to join a secret left-wing group in London, for which he and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848). In that same year, Marx organized the first Rhineland Democratic Congress in Germany and opposed the king of Prussia when he dissolved the Prussian Assembly. Exiled, he moved to London in 1849, where he spent the rest of his life. He worked part-time as a European correspondent for the New York Tribune (1851-62) while writing his major critique of capitalism, Das Kapital (3 vol., 1867-94). He was a leading figure in the First International from 1864 until the defection of Mikhail Bakunin in 1872. See also Marxism; communism; dialectical materialism

Karl Radek

orig. Karl Sobelsohn born 1885, Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary died 1939? Russian communist politician. He took part in the Russian Revolution of 1905, then wrote for leftist newspapers in Poland and Germany (1906-14). After meeting Vladimir Lenin in 1915, he helped reorganize the German Communist Party in 1918. He returned to Russia in 1919 and rose to leadership in the Comintern but was ousted in 1924 for his support of Leon Trotsky. After recanting in 1929, he became a fervent Stalinist and editorial board member of Izvestiya (1931-36). Despite his conversion, he was arrested and tried in the purge trials and sentenced to 10 years in prison, where he died

Karl Raimund Popper

(1902-1994) Austrian philosopher and political thinker

Karl Renner

born Dec. 14, 1870, Unter-Tannowitz, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary died Dec. 31, 1950, Doebling, Austria Austrian chancellor (1918-20, 1945) and president (1945-50). A lawyer, he served in the Reichsrat (lower house) from 1907. He became the first chancellor of the new Austrian republic in 1918 but was unable to prevent territorial losses at the end of World War I. In the 1920s he led the right wing of the Social Democratic Party and in 1938 favoured the Anschluss with Germany. In 1945 he worked to reestablish Austrian home rule and was elected president of the republic. He wrote numerous works on government and law

Karl Robert Vasilyevich Count Nesselrode

born Dec. 13, 1780, Lisbon, Port. died March 23, 1862, St. Petersburg, Russia Russian statesman. After serving in the Russian diplomatic service, he acted as minister of foreign affairs (1822-56) and as chancellor (1845-62). He sought to influence the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Hünkâr skelesi (1833) and the Straits Convention (1841). He supported aid to Austria in suppressing the Hungarian uprising (1848). His policy of promoting Russia's influence in the Balkans helped precipitate the Crimean War. He negotiated the subsequent treaty at the Congress of Paris

Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt

born Dec. 12, 1875, Aschersleben, near Magdeburg, Prussia died Feb. 24, 1953, Hannover, W.Ger. German general in World War II. Chief of staff of an army corps in World War I, he was active after the war in Germany's secret rearmament. In World War II he was promoted to field marshal (1940) and commanded armies in the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. As commander in chief on the Western Front (1942-45), he fortified France against the expected Allied invasion. Removed briefly from command (1944), he returned to direct the Battle of the Bulge. He was captured in 1945 but released because of ill health

Karl S Lashley

born June 7, 1890, Davis, W.Va., U.S. died Aug. 7, 1958, Paris, France U.S. psychologist. He taught at the Universities of Minnesota (1920-29) and Chicago (1929-35) and at Harvard University (1935-55). In Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence (1929), he demonstrated that certain types of learning are mediated by the cerebral cortex as a whole, refuting the view that every psychological function is localized at a specific place on the cortex, and he showed that some parts of the brain system (e.g., the visual system) can take over the functions of other parts. He also studied the cortical basis of motor activities and the relation between brain mass and learning ability. His paper "The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior" (1951) played a major supporting role in the revolt against simple associative psychology

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff

orig. Karl Schmidt born Dec. 1, 1884, Rottluff, Ger. died Aug. 9, 1976, West Berlin, W.Ger. German painter and printmaker. As an architecture student in Dresden, he helped form Die Brücke in 1905. He soon realized the expressive potential of flat, patterned design; his mature style, seen in Self-Portrait with Monocle (1910), is characterized by boldly dissonant colours and jagged forms. After 1911, when he moved to Berlin, his paintings and woodcuts showed an interest in Cubism and African sculpture. Though his works had become more conventional by the 1930s, the Nazis officially declared them "degenerate." After World War II he taught art and resumed painting, but his work never regained its former power

Karl Schwarzschild

born Oct. 9, 1873, Frankfurt am Main, Ger. died May 11, 1916, Potsdam German astronomer. He published his first paper (on celestial orbits) at age

Karl Schwarzschild

In 1901 he became professor and director of the observatory at the University of Göttingen. He gave the first exact solution of Albert Einstein's general equations of gravitation, which led to a description of how mass curves space. He also laid the foundation of the theory of black holes, using the gravitational equations to show that a body of sufficient mass would have an escape velocity greater than the speed of light and therefore would not be directly observable, since even light rays from it could not escape into space. See also Schwarzschild radius

Karl Spencer Lashley

born June 7, 1890, Davis, W.Va., U.S. died Aug. 7, 1958, Paris, France U.S. psychologist. He taught at the Universities of Minnesota (1920-29) and Chicago (1929-35) and at Harvard University (1935-55). In Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence (1929), he demonstrated that certain types of learning are mediated by the cerebral cortex as a whole, refuting the view that every psychological function is localized at a specific place on the cortex, and he showed that some parts of the brain system (e.g., the visual system) can take over the functions of other parts. He also studied the cortical basis of motor activities and the relation between brain mass and learning ability. His paper "The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior" (1951) played a major supporting role in the revolt against simple associative psychology

Karl Taylor Compton

{i} (1887-1954) American physicist

Karl Theodor Jaspers

born Feb. 23, 1883, Oldenburg, Ger. died Feb. 26, 1969, Basel, Switz. German-Swiss philosopher and psychiatrist. As a research psychiatrist, he helped establish psychopathology on a rigorous, scientifically descriptive basis, especially in his General Psychopathology (1913). He taught philosophy at the University of Heidelberg from 1921 until 1937, when the Nazi regime forbade him to work. From 1948 he lived in Switzerland, teaching at the University of Basel. In his magnum opus, Philosophy (3 vol., 1969), he argued that the aim of philosophy is practical; its purpose is the fulfillment of human existence (Existenz). For Jaspers, philosophical illumination is achieved in the experience of limit situations, such as conflict, guilt, and suffering, that define the human condition. In its confrontation with these extremes mankind achieves its existential humanity. He is one of the most important figures of existentialism

Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass

born Oct. 31, 1815, Ostenfelde, Bavaria died Feb. 19, 1897, Berlin German mathematician. He taught principally at the University of Berlin (from 1856). After many years of working in isolation, an article in 1854 initiated a string of important contributions, which he disseminated mainly through lectures. He is known for his work on the theory of functions, and he is called the father of modern analysis. His greatest influence was felt through his students, many of whom went on to make important contributions to mathematics

Karl Wallenda

born 1905, Magdeburg, Ger. died March 22, 1978, San Juan, P.R. German-born U.S. circus acrobat. He founded the Great Wallendas acrobatic troupe, which achieved fame in Europe for its four-man pyramid and cycling on the high wire without a safety net. His wife, Helen Kreis (1910-96), joined the troupe in 1926 and later was balanced at the peak of the seven-person pyramid, the most famous of the Wallendas' acts. The troupe traveled with the U.S. Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus (1928-46), then performed as freelancers. Karl's nephew Gunther (1927-96) trained on the wire from age five; when a pyramid collapsed in 1962, Gunther was the only member left standing and rescued three who were clinging to the wire; two others were killed and one was paralyzed. Two troupe members died in accidents in 1963 and 1972. Karl died in a fall from a wind-whipped wire 123 ft (37 m) above a street in San Juan

Karl Weierstrass

born Oct. 31, 1815, Ostenfelde, Bavaria died Feb. 19, 1897, Berlin German mathematician. He taught principally at the University of Berlin (from 1856). After many years of working in isolation, an article in 1854 initiated a string of important contributions, which he disseminated mainly through lectures. He is known for his work on the theory of functions, and he is called the father of modern analysis. His greatest influence was felt through his students, many of whom went on to make important contributions to mathematics

Karl Wilhelm baron von Humboldt

born June 22, 1767, Potsdam, Prussia died April 8, 1835, Tegel, near Berlin German linguist and educational reformer. The elder brother of Alexander von Humboldt, he held a number of government posts. As minister of education (1809), he raised elementary education standards and was instrumental in founding Friedrich Wilhelm University (now Humboldt University, or University of Berlin) in Berlin. Humboldt also contributed greatly to the philosophy of language, contending that its character and structure express the speaker's culture and individuality and that humans perceive the world through the medium of language. He also carried out research on the Basque language and Kawi (old Javanese)

Karl Ziegler

born Nov. 26, 1898, Helsa, near Kassel, Ger. died Aug. 12, 1973, Mülheim, W.Ger. German chemist. He held academic appointments at the Universities of Frankfurt am Main, Heidelberg, and Halle, and in 1943 he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm (later Max Planck) Institute. He was the first to explain the reactions involved in the synthesis of rubber ( 1928). His most important work, in the 1950s, led to the discovery that certain catalysts permitted the fast polymerization of ethylene at atmospheric pressure to a linear polymer of high molecular weight having valuable plastic properties. His work formed the basis of nearly all later developments in the production of long-chain polymers of hydrocarbons from such olefins as ethylene and butadiene; the resulting products came into widespread use as plastics, fibres, rubbers, and films. He shared a 1963 Nobel Prize with Giulio Natta (1903-79)

Karl baron von Rokitansky

born Feb. 19, 1804, Königgrätz, Austria died July 23, 1878, Vienna Austrian pathologist. He inspired Ignaz Semmelweis to study medicine and supported his use of antiseptic procedures to eliminate puerperal fever. Rokitansky was the first to detect bacteria in malignant endocarditis and to describe spondylolisthesis (forward displacement of one vertebra over another). He differentiated pneumonias originating in lobes of the lung and in bronchioles, made a fundamental study of acute yellow atrophy of the liver, and established the micropathology of emphysema. His Treatise of Pathological Anatomy (3 vol., 1842-46) elevated pathology to an established science. During his career he performed more than 30,000 autopsies

Karl imperial baron vom und zum Stein

born Oct. 26, 1757, Nassau an der Lahn, Nassau died June 29, 1831, Schloss Cappenberg, Westphalia Prussian statesman. Born into the imperial nobility, he entered the civil service in 1780. As minister of economic affairs (1804-07) and chief minister (1807-08) to Frederick William III, he introduced wide-ranging reforms in administration, taxation, and the civil service that modernized the Prussian government. He abolished serfdom, reformed the laws on land ownership, and helped reorganize the military. Anticipating war with France, he was forced to resign under pressure from Napoleon (1808) and fled to Austria. As an adviser to Tsar Alexander I (1812-15), he negotiated the Russo-Prussian Treaty of Kalisz (1813) that formed the last European coalition against Napoleon

Karl von Frisch

born Nov. 20, 1886, Vienna, Austria died June 12, 1982, Munich, W.Ger. Zoologist, a pioneer of behavioral physiology. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Munich, where he subsequently taught. Best known for his studies of bees, he found that bees communicate the distance and direction of a food supply to other members of the colony by two types of rhythmic movement, or dance. Circling indicates that food is within about 250 ft (75 m) of the hive; wagging indicates a greater distance. In 1949 he established that bees, through their perception of polarized light, use the sun as a compass even when it is not visible. He also established that fish can hear and distinguish colours. He shared a 1973 Nobel Prize with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen

Karl von Vierordt

v. born July 1, 1818, Lahr, Baden died Nov. 22, 1884, Tübingen, Ger. German physician. He started a medical practice in 1842 and began teaching at the University of Tübingen in 1849. He discovered a way to make an exact red-blood-cell count (see blood analysis) and invented the sphygmograph, the first instrument to produce a pulse tracing, and the hemotachometer, which monitors blood flow velocity

Bernhard Heinrich Martin Karl prince von Bülow

born May 3, 1849, Klein-Flottbek, near Altona, Ger. died Oct. 28, 1929, Rome, Italy German imperial chancellor and Prussian prime minister (1900-09). After holding a number of diplomatic posts, he was appointed state secretary for the foreign department in 1897. He quickly became a potent force and succeeded to the chancellorship in 1900. In cooperation with William II, he pursued a policy of German aggrandizement in the years preceding World War I. He was unable to prevent the formation of the English-French-Russian alliance against Germany (see Entente Cordiale; Triple Entente) and increased international tension with the first of the Moroccan crises

Chlodwig Karl Viktor prince zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst

born March 31, 1819, Rotenburg an der Fulda, Hesse-Nassau died July 6, 1901, Bad Ragaz, Switz. Imperial German chancellor and Prussian prime minister (1894-1900). Active in Bavarian politics from 1846, he served as minister president (1866-70) after Prussia's defeat of Bavaria in the Seven Weeks' War. He favoured a unified Germany, and in 1871 he entered the service of the German Empire. He was appointed German chancellor in 1894. His wide experience and fatherly relationship with Emperor William II failed to prevent his sovereign's demagogic excesses, and his influence largely ended in 1897 when Bernhard, prince von Bülow, became foreign secretary

Ferdinand Karl Leopold Maria

born Feb. 26, 1861, Vienna, Austria died Sept. 10, 1948, Coburg, Ger. King of Bulgaria (1908-18). Elected prince of Bulgaria in 1887, he proclaimed Bulgaria's independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908 and assumed the title of king or tsar. He spearheaded the formation of the Balkan League (1912), which led to the first Balkan War. Bulgaria was defeated in the second Balkan War (1913), and Ferdinand's resentments against his former allies determined Bulgaria's participation in World War I on the side of the Central Powers. Following his country's military defeat in 1918, he was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Boris III

Friedrich Karl Brugmann

born March 16, 1849, Wiesbaden, Nassau died June 29, 1919, Leipzig, Ger. German linguist. A professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics, he belonged to the Neogrammarian school, which asserted the inviolability of phonetic laws and adhered to strict research methodology. Among the best known of his 400 publications are the two volumes on sounds and forms that he contributed to the Outline of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages (1886-93)

Friedrich Karl von Savigny

born Feb. 21, 1779, Frankfurt am Main died Oct. 25, 1861, Berlin, Prussia German jurist and legal historian. He was nobly born, and his privileged position enabled him to devote his life to scholarship. Teaching at the University of Berlin (1810-42), he helped found the influential "historical school" of jurisprudence. His six-volume History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages (1815-31) laid the foundation of the modern study of medieval law. He founded a system for establishing a modern German civil law with his eight-volume System of Modern Roman Law (1840-49), which also contained his system of international private law. A product of Romanticism, he regarded law as a reflection of a people's customs and spirit that could not be imposed artificially by means of rational, formal legislation

Heinrich Friedrich Karl imperial baron vom und zum Stein

born Oct. 26, 1757, Nassau an der Lahn, Nassau died June 29, 1831, Schloss Cappenberg, Westphalia Prussian statesman. Born into the imperial nobility, he entered the civil service in 1780. As minister of economic affairs (1804-07) and chief minister (1807-08) to Frederick William III, he introduced wide-ranging reforms in administration, taxation, and the civil service that modernized the Prussian government. He abolished serfdom, reformed the laws on land ownership, and helped reorganize the military. Anticipating war with France, he was forced to resign under pressure from Napoleon (1808) and fled to Austria. As an adviser to Tsar Alexander I (1812-15), he negotiated the Russo-Prussian Treaty of Kalisz (1813) that formed the last European coalition against Napoleon

Helmuth Karl Bernhard count von Moltke

born Oct. 26, 1800, Parchim, Mecklenburg died April 24, 1891, Berlin, Ger. Prussian general. He joined the Prussian army in 1822 and was appointed to its general staff in 1832. After a stint as adviser to the Turkish army (1835-39), he traveled widely and wrote several books on history and travel. In 1855 he served as personal aide to the Prussian prince Frederick William (later Frederick III), then was selected as chief of the Prussian general staff (1857-88). Highly intelligent and militarily creative, he reorganized the Prussian army and devised new strategic and tactical command methods for modern mass armies. He directed the strategies that produced victories in the Prussian and German wars against Denmark (1864), against Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (1866), and against France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). He was created count in 1870 and field marshal in 1871

Joris-Karl Huysmans

orig. Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans born Feb. 5, 1848, Paris, France died May 12, 1907, Paris French Decadent writer. His early works, influenced by contemporary naturalism, were followed by far more individual and violent works. The first was Down Stream (1882). His best-known novel, À rebours (1884; Against the Grain), relates experiments in decadence by the bored survivor of a noble line. The controversial and clearly autobiographical Là-bas (1891; Down There) is a tale of 19th-century satanists. His final novels concern his return to Roman Catholicism. He also wrote perceptive art criticism

Max Karl August Bruch

born Jan. 6, 1838, Cologne, Prussia died Oct. 2, 1920, Friedensau, near Berlin, Ger. German composer. Bruch held many conducting positions and taught for 20 years at the Berlin Academy. He was known in his lifetime principally for his many sacred and secular choral pieces, including Odysseus (1872) and Das Lied von der Glocke (1879). Today he is remembered especially for his first violin concerto (1868); he also wrote two further violin concertos, the cello variations Kol Nidrei (1881), and operas and symphonies

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

born April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig died Oct. 4, 1947, Göttingen, W.Ger. German physicist. He studied at the Universities of Munich and Kiel, then became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Berlin (1889-1928). His work on the second law of thermodynamics and blackbody radiation led him to formulate the revolutionary quantum theory of radiation, for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1918. He also discovered the quantum of action, now known as Planck's constant, h. He championed Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, but he opposed the indeterministic, statistical worldview introduced by Niels Bohr, Max Born, and Werner Heisenberg after the advent of quantum mechanics. As the influential president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (later the Max Planck Society) until his resignation in 1937, he appealed to Adolf Hitler to reverse his devastating racial policies. His son was later implicated in the July Plot against Hitler and was executed

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

born March 18, 1858, Paris, France died Sept. 29, 1913, at sea in the English Channel German thermal engineer. In the 1890s he invented the internal-combustion engine that bears his name, producing a series of increasingly successful models of the diesel engine that culminated in his demonstration in 1897 of a 25-horsepower, four-stroke, single vertical cylinder compression engine

Rudolf Karl Bultmann

born Aug. 20, 1884, Wiefelstede, Ger. died July 30, 1976, Marburg, W.Ger. German Protestant theologian and New Testament scholar. The son of a Lutheran pastor, he studied at the University of Tübingen and later taught many years at Marburg (1921-51). He established his reputation with his analysis of the Gospels in History of the Synoptic Tradition (1921). Influenced by his colleague Martin Heidegger, he held that Christian faith should focus less on the historical Jesus and more on the transcendent Christ, and he examined the New Testament in mythical terms. During the Nazi era he supported the anti-Nazi Confessing Church. His postwar books included Kerygma and Myth (1953), History and Eschatology (1957), and Jesus Christ and Mythology (1960)

Sir Karl Popper

a British philosopher, born in Austria, who believed that ideas about the world must be proved scientifically. His best known book, The Open Society and its Enemies, is an attack on political systems in which the state has too much control, especially Communism (1902-94). born July 28, 1902, Vienna, Austria died Sept. 17, 1994, Croydon, Greater London, Eng. Austrian-British philosopher of natural and social science. In The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934), he rejected the traditional conception of induction, which held that a scientific hypothesis may be verified through the accumulation of confirming observations, arguing instead that scientific hypotheses can at best only be falsified. His later works include The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), The Poverty of Historicism (1957), and Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery (3 vol., 1981-82)

Sir Karl Raimund Popper

born July 28, 1902, Vienna, Austria died Sept. 17, 1994, Croydon, Greater London, Eng. Austrian-British philosopher of natural and social science. In The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934), he rejected the traditional conception of induction, which held that a scientific hypothesis may be verified through the accumulation of confirming observations, arguing instead that scientific hypotheses can at best only be falsified. His later works include The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), The Poverty of Historicism (1957), and Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery (3 vol., 1981-82)

Werner Karl Heisenberg

born Dec. 5, 1901, Würzburg, Ger. died Feb. 1, 1976, Munich, W.Ger. German physicist. Educated at Munich and Göttingen, he taught at the University of Leipzig (1927-41) and directed the Max Planck Institute for Physics (1942-76). In 1925 he solved the problem of how to account for the stationary discrete energy states of an anharmonic oscillator, a solution that launched the development of quantum mechanics. In 1927 he published his famous uncertainty principle. He also made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulence, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic rays, and subatomic particles. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1932 for his work on quantum mechanics. He led Germany's efforts in World War II (1939-45) to develop an atomic bomb

duke von Holstein-Gottorp Karl Peter Ulrich

Russian Pyotr Fyodorovich orig. Karl Peter Ulrich, duke von Holstein-Gottorp born Feb. 21, 1728, Kiel, Holstein-Gottorp died July 18, 1762, Ropsha, near St. Petersburg, Russia Tsar of Russia (1762). Grandson of Peter I, the young duke was brought to Russia by his aunt Elizabeth when she became empress (1741). Proclaimed the heir to the Russian throne, he was unpopular at court for his pro-Prussian attitude. After he succeeded Elizabeth (1762), he reversed her foreign policy, making peace with Prussia and withdrawing from the Seven Years' War. He offended the Orthodox church by trying to force it to adopt Lutheran practices. After six months he was forced to abdicate by a group of nobles, in collusion with his own wife, Catherine (later Catherine II), and Count Grigory Orlov, and was murdered while in the conspirators' custody

prince von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Karl Eitel Friedrich

orig. Karl Eitel Friedrich, prince von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen born April 20, 1839, Sigmaringen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen died Oct. 10 1914, Sinaia, Rom. King of Romania (1881-1914). Originally a German prince, he became prince of Romania in 1866, and when Romania gained full independence from the Ottoman Empire he was crowned its first king. He brought notable military and economic development along Western lines, but his neglect of festering rural problems led to the bloody peasant rebellion of 1907

prince von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha Franz Albrecht August Karl Emanuel

orig. Franz Albrecht August Karl Emanuel, prince von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha born Aug. 26, 1819, Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha died Dec. 14, 1861, Windsor Castle, Berkshire, Eng. Prince consort of Queen Victoria of Britain and father of Edward VII. Albert married Victoria, his first cousin, in 1840 and became in effect her private secretary and chief confidential adviser. Their domestic happiness helped assure the continuation of the monarchy, which had been somewhat uncertain. Though the German-born Albert was undeservedly unpopular, the British public belatedly recognized his worth after his death at age 42 from typhoid fever. In the ensuing years the grief-stricken queen made policy decisions based on what she thought Albert would have done

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