Augustin

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augustine
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Beaumarchais Pierre Augustin Caron de Bidault Georges Augustin Candolle Augustin Pyrame de Cauchy Augustin Louis Baron Caulaincourt Armand Augustin Louis marquis de Coulomb Charles Augustin de Cournot Antoine Augustin Sainte Beuve Charles Augustin Scribe Augustin Eugène

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Augustin Candolle
born Feb. 4, 1778, Geneva, Switz. died Sept. 9, 1841, Geneva Swiss botanist. In Paris (from 1796) he became an assistant to Georges Cuvier and worked with Lamarck on revising his botanical works. He carried out a government-commissioned botanical and agricultural survey of France (1806-12). In 1813 he published his most important work, Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, in which he contended that plant anatomy, not physiology, must be the basis of classification, for which he coined the term taxonomy. He introduced the concept of homologous parts for plants (following Cuvier's work on animals). From 1817 until his death he taught at the University of Geneva. He outlined systematic laws of botanical nomenclature (1818-21); his taxonomy suffered from certain weaknesses, but he achieved extensive subdivision of flowering plants, describing 161 families of dicotyledons, and his system supplanted that of Carolus Linnaeus. He completed seven volumes of a descriptive classification of all known seed plants (from 1824)
Augustin Eugène Scribe
born Dec. 24, 1791, Paris, France died Feb. 20, 1861, Paris French playwright and librettist. He wrote some 350 dramas, most of which proved extremely successful, and he became the most popular opera librettist of his time. His librettos include Gioacchino Rossini's Count Ory (1828), Vincenzo Bellini's The Sleepwalker (1831), Gaetano Donizetti's The Elixir of Love (1832), Giacomo Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots (1836), and Giuseppe Verdi's The Sicilian Vespers (1855)
Augustin Pyrame de Candolle
born Feb. 4, 1778, Geneva, Switz. died Sept. 9, 1841, Geneva Swiss botanist. In Paris (from 1796) he became an assistant to Georges Cuvier and worked with Lamarck on revising his botanical works. He carried out a government-commissioned botanical and agricultural survey of France (1806-12). In 1813 he published his most important work, Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, in which he contended that plant anatomy, not physiology, must be the basis of classification, for which he coined the term taxonomy. He introduced the concept of homologous parts for plants (following Cuvier's work on animals). From 1817 until his death he taught at the University of Geneva. He outlined systematic laws of botanical nomenclature (1818-21); his taxonomy suffered from certain weaknesses, but he achieved extensive subdivision of flowering plants, describing 161 families of dicotyledons, and his system supplanted that of Carolus Linnaeus. He completed seven volumes of a descriptive classification of all known seed plants (from 1824)
Augustin-Louis Baron Cauchy
born Aug. 21, 1789, Paris, France died May 23, 1857, Sceaux French mathematician, pioneer of analysis and group theory. After a career as a military engineer in Napoleon's navy, he wrote a treatise in 1813 that became the basis of the theory of complex variables. He also clarified the theory of calculus by developing the concepts of limits and continuity, laid the foundations for the mathematical theory of elasticity, and made important contributions to number theory. He is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the modern era
Antoine-Augustin Cournot
born Aug. 28, 1801, Gray, France died March 31, 1877, Paris French economist and mathematician. The first economist to apply mathematics effectively to the treatment of economic questions, he made important contributions with his discussion of supply and demand functions, the shifting of taxes, and problems of international trade, and he is best remembered for his discussion of strategic behaviour in a market with only two producers, a so-called duopoly. His principal work is Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth (1838)
Armand -Augustin-Louis marquis de Caulaincourt
born Dec. 9, 1773, Caulaincourt, France died Feb. 19, 1827, Paris French general and diplomat. He became aide-de-camp to Napoleon (1802) and was the emperor's loyal master of horse from 1804. He later served as ambassador to Russia (1807-11) and foreign minister (1813-14, 1815). Created duke de Vicence (1808), he was at Napoleon's side in his great battles. His Mémoires provide an important source for the period 1812 to 1814
Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve
born Dec. 23, 1804, Boulogne, France died Oct. 13, 1869, Paris French literary historian and critic. In 1825 he began contributing critical articles to periodicals. In essays collected in Critiques et portraits littéraires, 5 vol. (1832-39) and Portraits contemporains (1846), he developed a new approach to critiquing living writers that involved extensive biographical research to understand their mental attitudes. His famous "Monday Chats," published in newspapers from 1849 to 1869, were detailed, well-rounded literary studies in which he applied historical frames of reference to contemporary writing. His methods revolutionized French criticism by freeing it from personal prejudice and partisan passions. His Port-Royal (1840-48) is a scholarly history of an abbey and of 17th-century France
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
born June 14, 1736, Angoulême, France died Aug. 23, 1806, Paris French physicist. After serving as a military engineer in the West Indies, he returned to France in the 1780s to pursue scientific research. To investigate Joseph Priestley's law of electrical repulsions, he invented a sensitive instrument to measure the electrical forces involved. A light rod made of an insulator, with a small conducting sphere at each end, was suspended horizontally by a fine wire so that it was free to twist when another charged sphere was brought close to it. By measuring the angle through which the rod twisted, Coulomb could measure the repulsive forces. He is best known for formulating Coulomb's law. He also did research on friction of machinery, on windmills, and on the elasticity of metal and silk fibres. The coulomb, a unit of electric charge, was named in his honour
Georges -Augustin Bidault
born Oct. 5, 1899, Moulins, France died Jan. 27, 1983, Cambo-les-Bains, near Bayonne French statesman and Resistance leader in World War II. After being imprisoned in Germany (1940), he returned to France (1941) and worked with the National Council of Resistance, which he headed in 1943. He helped found the Popular Republican Movement (1944) and supported Charles de Gaulle's wartime government. After the war he briefly served twice as prime minister and three times as minister of foreign affairs. In 1958 he broke with de Gaulle and opposed Algerian independence. He advocated terrorism to prevent independence, went underground, and was forced into exile (1962-68)
Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
born Jan. 24, 1732, Paris, France died May 18, 1799, Paris French playwright. Son of a watchmaker, he invented a clockwork mechanism and became embroiled in lawsuits over its patent; a series of witty pamphlets he wrote in his defense established his reputation as a writer. His comedy The Barber of Seville (1772) was kept off the stage for three years because it criticized the aristocracy. His Marriage of Figaro (1784) similarly censured the nobility and it, too, was initially banned. The plays became famous operas by Gioacchino Rossini and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, respectively. He founded the Société des Auteurs (1777) to enable playwrights to obtain royalty payments. His wealth led, ironically, to his temporary imprisonment during the French Revolution, an event his plays were sometimes said to have sparked
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